1. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Global Ocean Observing System & Argo Mathieu Belbéoch Argo Technical Coordinator JCOMMOPS Head Global Ocean Observing System & Argo Mathieu Belbéoch Argo Technical Coordinator JCOMMOPS Head belbeoch@jcommops.org support@jcommops.org https://twitter.com/jcommops

2. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 The Ocean The (ocean) planet is in age of increasing human impact and vulnerability. « The sustainability of the planet depends on the health of the ocean » I. Bokova UNESCO DG

3. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations? CO2 … Heat content, sea ice, sea level Acidification, deoxygenation Resources over-exploitation Nutrients, sound, plastics Climate extremes Natural/non natural hazards Ecosystems health

4. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations? ¾ of human population lives in the coastal zone … 60% of our proteins is produced by the ocean 60% of our oxygen is produced by the ocean 90 % of commercial transits via the ocean Ocean heat/carbon store Ocean is at the heart of climate machine

5. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations? Predict the impact of global/local changes on coastal communities and nations Improve safety and efficiency of maritime operations Mitigate effects of hazards Guide international action and optimize government’s policies Shape economic strategies Enable sustained used of ocean resources Reduce public health risks, protect ecosystems Prepare high quality and multi-disciplinary datasets for use by future generations Healthy ocean = healthy blue economy

6. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 History British survey 1872-1876: Challenger

7. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 History 60s: electronic, miniaturisation, … instrumentation Before the 80s, most of ocean observations were made via research vessels (specific regional campaigns, expensive, seasonal bias, data sequestrated) Advent of satellite measurements and in-situ moored/floating instruments led to enormous improvements in our understanding of the ocean Socioeconomic benefits of global ocean observations were formally recognized in 1990 (GOOS establishment) The joint IOC-WMO commission for oceanography and marine meteorology was then established in 1999 (JCOMM) www.ioc-goos.org www.jcomm.info

8. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations? In-situ Satellites Operational forecasting systems – Weather – « Ocean weather » Large range of global/regional ocean analysis, including climate science and ecosystems health

9. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations

10. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Ocean Observations Global observing programmes are funded and implemented nationally International and technical coordination is required between all actors IOC/UNESCO, WMO, JCOMM, GOOS …. JCOMMOPS: – coordination mecanism, developing standard procedures, best practices for fully integrated marine observing, data management, and services system

11. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 JCOMMOPS IOC/WMO Operational Centre (Brest/France) international/intergovernmental context, transparency Monitor (10 000 units), coordinate and harmonize practices of sustained international ocean observing programmes Measure the performance vs objectives

12. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 www.jcommops.org Re - opening early 2016 Currently under review

13. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo revolution Unprecedented international cooperation in history of oceanography Free and unrestricted data access ~4000 autonomous robots monitor the ocean in real-time

14. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Profiling Floats TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, PRESSURE (2000m) Subsurface currents Biogeochemical sensors (oxygen, chlorophyl, nitrates, pH, etc) Others: acoustic listeners, cameras.. Operates 5-10 years, 15k$ / base unit 1st float in 1999, initial design achieved in 2007 120 000 profiles/year (1 million achieved in 2012)

15. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Float Cycle

16. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo’s future (6000 units ?) Global (space/regional, full depth) Multidisciplinary (Essential Ocean/Climate Variables) 3000 +1000

17. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo Contributions 30 Participating countries

18. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo Contributions Key contributors decreasing or flat (below inflation) funding

19. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo applications Ocean research: circulation/storage heat, climate, rainfall/drought patterns,variability Operational oceanography (with satellite data), climate prediction: seasons, years, decades ideal vector for education and outreach

20. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo Argo makes visible large-scale ocean and climate features and processes that were once hidden to scientists. The network has enabled new revelations about ocean dynamics that are helping society understand and forecast global climate. It will continue to take the pulses of the ocean for many decades

21. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Argo Argo allows the progress of planetary warming to be tracked in unprecedented accuracy and in near realtime, due to the fact that most of the extra heat trapped by Greenhouse gases on Earth is absorbed into the global ocean (90%). Argo network will start soon degrading !!!

22. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Deployments Challenge: 1000 units / year ( +1000 surface drifters)

23. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015

24. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Civil Society Develop international cooperation Developing partnerships and sponsoring with civil society is essential: – Sailing (exploration, races, NGOs) – Industry – Blue economy Develop outreach (future generations)

25. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Conclusion GOOS System is not achieved (60%) and vulnerable Completion and multidisciplinary evolution seems unachievable … In-situ ocean observations are crucial, but far away from societal applications In-situ observations are cheap vs the outcomes – Argo = 25 M$ / year …

26. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Conclusion Governing is observing … CALL to UNFCC Member States: Raise national contributions to help Argo become truly global and multidisciplinary and help sustain the other in-situ elements of the GOOS, and facilitate access to Maritime Zones under their sovereignty

27. TARA / COP21 Paris, Dec. 2015 Thank you B. Stamm Barcelona World Race 2014-2015