1. Ivan Benes Member Board of experts, Czech BCSD/WBCSD Vice-chairman of Czech National Committee for Disaster reduction Bratislava Energy Charter Forum “Securing Energy Supply – How to better protect energy networks from disruptions”, 10th October 2014 Human factor in protection of energy infrastructure

2. Two thirds of the world's population will live in cities by 2030  Question: Why should we protect energy networks from disruptions?  Answer: Why not, if the community can collapse within 5 days?  To be or not to be (prepared)? 2

3. Self- realization Esteem needs Belongingness needs Safety needs: protection, security, order, law, limits, stability Physiological needs: breathing, warmth, water, food, shelter, sleep, ….; City should be a place where people can meet their needs also during the crisis Smart solution can reduce the risk Human needs by Maslow Basic needs to survive Human safety approach 3

4. Priority of needs according resilience of human body breathing warmth water food wellness well-being entertainment minutes hours days weeks months years Need for:Critical time: Basic needs to survive Lesser needs It needs continuity Intermittent supply is tolerable ElectricityInformationFuel, transport Infrastructure: IRS IRS – Integrated Rescue Services 4

5. From medieval citadels … Closed, self-sufficient, capable survive the siege Human settlements has changed Resistance? Dependency? Complexity? Vulnerability? We live permanently 5 days before state of emergency! Blackout of the Capital = threat for the state integrity To open metropolises City can be hurt by infrastructure failure (caused by extreme weather, attack... Open, unable survive long-lasting cut-off from infrastructure 5

6. Lack of water, food, energy leads to social unrest Natural disasters could be intensified by critical system failure Source: 2011 World Economic Forum Natural disasters Critical system failure 6

7. Our Achilles heel: Energy & Water & Food security is sword of Damocles over our cities Physiological needs: breathing, warmth, water, food, shelter, sleep, …. Safety needs: protection, security, order, law, limits, stability Belongingness needs Esteem needs Self- realization Energy, Water, Food Coincidence of weaknesses Climate Change & Disasters Intentional attack Maslow's hierarchy of needs Due to interdependency we couldn’t ensure basic human needs without electricity In present we can do almost everything, without electricity we can do almost nothing 7

8. Various disasters bring us to various problems 8 Loss of stability, … Destruction of lines … Destruction of transformers hours - days days - weeks weeks - months

9. Consequence classification for „Blackout“ situation 9 Pramen: Projekt VITA, PASR, SINTEF Blackout Praha Blackout ČR

10. Self - actualisa tion Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Sebereal izace Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Sebere alizace Uznání Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Fast recovery regardless of economic damages Standard conditionAlert conditionState of emergencyRecovery T < 24 hours Vulnerability of society during short-term disaster (< 24 hours) Blackouts: USA 2003, Italy 2003, … 10

11. Experience from vulnerability of society by long-term disaster (> 5 days) Self- actualisa- iion Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Sebereali zace Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Standard conditionAlert conditionState of emergencyRecovery T > 5 days Formation of militia Social unrest & plunder gangs Experience: New Orleans (Katrina 2005), Haiti and Chile (earthquake 2010),… 11

12. Czech approach to Resilient City: preservation of basic needs in all cases Self- actualisa- iion Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Sebereali zace Esteem needs Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Sebere alizace Uznání Sounáležitost Security needs Physiological needs Seberea lizace Uznání Love and belonging Security needs Physiological needs Critical infrastructure resiliency Standard conditionAlert conditionState of emergencyRecovery T > 5 days Fast recovery regardless of economic damages 12

13. Resilient Power Project (RESPO) ~ ~ Transmission grid Distribution grid Demand side management Local plant District heat Site generation ~ Dispatching SCADA Crisis plan Prioritization Available output Inessential consumption necessary interoperability Key issue is interoperability between utility and municipal crisis planning smart meter Functions: Islanding on the distribution level and crisis demand side management + black start Local distribution grid operates like insulated island system Priorities

14. Continuity at lest on minimal service level changes blackout to grey-out 14 INCIDENT100 % Level of operation Preparedness / prevention Time Alert response Service continuity Recovery Impact mitigation Minimal service level Short cut of recovery time Blackout RESPO Gray-out

15. Prague example: analysis of power demand to cover vital functions (Pmax=1200MW) 15 governance banking water telecommunication hospitals energy tunnels airport railways tramways subway city centre Average load of CI Remain for citizens and other consumers 300 MW Prague islanding project

16. Prevention strategies against blackout (ASEK, MTI CR, August 2014)  "To promote and develop the energy supply in the local (island) subsystems in the event of the collapse of the system necessary to emergency supply the population and sustain the functionality of critical infrastructure.„  "To promote and develop energy resilience and ability of distribution system to ensure a minimum level of electricity supply necessary for population and critical infrastructure in the form of island operations in large agglomerations." 16

17. Contact Ivan Benes Member Board of experts, Czech BCSD/WBCSD Vice-chairman of Czech National Committee for Disaster Reduction phone: +420 603 261 470 e-mail: benes.energy@gmail.com 17