1. History of Education as Anti-Racist Activism in Fayette County, KY By Randolph Hollingsworth, Ph.D. University of Kentucky December 31, 2015

2. VA recognizes Town of Lexington in 1782 1798 First Census 1,475 in town of Lexington 25% identified as “Negroes” 772 in Fayette County

3. Anti-racist vs. Anti-slavery Activists David Rice (Presb) “Slavery Inconsistent with Justice and Good Policy” 1792 1790 Peter Duerett & wife found First African Baptist Church with Rolla Blue, William Gist, Solomon Walker, James Pollock, including a free school – by 1825 KY legislators get report of 15 “colored” schools operating in Kentucky KY Colonization Society seeks to transport freed teachers and missionaries to Africa

4. American Colonization Society: “The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America” founded 1817

5. Institutionalizing White Supremacy Black CodesWhites-only Public Resources 1792 ban on interracial marriage 1798 pass law, patrollers fill slave jails in Lexington Migration laws against free blacks Restrictions on retail for food or liquor 1811 white suffrage only Vagrancy laws enforce selling or leasing out any people of color Guilty before proven innocent – using police to halt any mass meetings, whip recalcitrant slaves KY’s Non-Importation Act 1833-49 ends rapid rise in black population in KY but enriched slave-owners 1838 Taxes for “common law” schools, poorhouses, orphanages = whites only

6. 1865/66: KY legislature rejects ratification of 13 th and 14 th Amendments Amendments to the Constitution to define citizenship 13: abolish slavery 14: citizenship defined 15: protection of voting rights for men 19: protection of voting rights for women NOT fully realized until Civil Rights Act 1964 and Voting Rights Act 1965 1976: KY Senator Georgia Powers and Rep. Mae Street Kidd lead effort to ratify the two amendments in KY

7. Civil Rights Activism & Rise of Jim Crow laws Lexington Colored Agricultural and Mechanical Association, 1869 1866/67 Lexington hosts two Black Conventions: protest separate coach law, anti-voting tactics and violence, testimony in courts, lack of public support for schools & streets in Black neighborhoods, race disparities in vagrant auctions, separate “Colored School Fund” = 1/3 of fund for whites

8. Separatism of Lexington’s Club Women Kentucky Federation of Women’s Clubs 1894 is for whites only E. Belle Mitchell Jackson educator at Camp Nelson also vocational training for orphans relied on self- help principles of Booker T. Washington 1894 Lizzie Fouse and KY Federation of Colored Women, Phyllis Wheatley branch of YWCA, Women’s Improvement Club and Day Nursery Dr. Mary E. Britton, orator and writer for equal rights and anti-lynching, is also first Black to be licensed as a doctor in Lexington

9. KY Woman Suffrage & Education 1st statewide woman suffrage law in nation - 1838 Kentucky women femmes sole (head of household) in rural districts can vote on school issues 1880s Lexington Woman’s Improvement Club pushes for school reform 1892 Colored Orphan and Industrial Home founded by Ladies Orphan Society 1894 KY allows school suffrage for women in Lexington, Newport, Covington

10. KY Woman Suffrage & Education 1895 Lexington women’s first elections for school board inc. Ida Withers Harrison (first woman ever elected) 1900 Women’s Emergency Committee lobbies for playgrounds, kindergartens, juvenile court system, regulation of child labor and to compel school attendance; Republicans gain 6 of 12 seats on Lexington School Board and G.P. Russell (Democrat) is fired 1901 School Wars shows organizational strength of African American women

11. October 1901 Lexington Women Voter Registration, by Party Source: Lexington Leader, Morning Democrat, Lexington Herald (October 2, 1901)

12. October 1901 Lexington Women Voter Registration, by Race Source: Morning Herald (October 2, 1901)

13. Lexington School Board Voter Registrants vs. Election Returns 8,926 Total Registration of voters for Lexington School Board, Oct 1901 vs. 4,570 Total Votes cast, Nov 5 difference = ~50% 1899 difference = 30% 1897 difference = 7% October vs. November 1901

14. Segregation in Lexington Reinforced by Law Segregated housing in Lexington enforced by stipulations on deeds Separate Coach Law 1892 Day Law 1904 1912 White women win back school suffrage with added proviso of a “literacy” test Will Lockett’s rape trial and martial law 1920 First kindergarten for Black children in 1924; Dunbar High School in 1925

15. Lexington’s Boom 1950s-60s Desegregation and Re-Segregation of Lexington Growth of UK’s teaching and research mission with federal funds through G.I. Bill Formation of the Lexington Industrial Foundation and influx of new workers’ families) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) & Lexington NAACP Civil Rights March on Main Street 1961 Audrey Grevious (NAACP) on working with Julia Lewis (CORE)

16. Segregation in Lexington: West End, East End Abraham Lincoln School (1940) on Manchester Street, vocational training for poor whites only 1912-1967 Mammoth Life Insurance Co. on Dewees Street was owned by and served Blacks

17. 1970s on 1968-1974 merger of Lexington-Fayette County includes Lexington’s first black councilman Harry Sykes in 1970 Lexington Housing Authority pulled down barbed- wire fence between Bluegrass (whites only) and Aspendale 1999 demolition of Charlotte Court (built in 1941); 2006 Bluegrass-Aspendale, last of barrack-style public housing, is gone but smaller sites still not enough to house low income families 2014 - William Wells Brown Elementary in Lexington’s East End listed as lowest performing school in KY