1. Lecture 11: Language Variation and Change

7. Sir Michael Dummett (1925-2011)  (One kind of) variation shows that language cannot be an individual, I-language thing  Language exists independently of any particular speaker  An individual speaker has only a partial (and sometimes wrong) grasp of this ‘community language’

10. (from Hale (1998: Figure 1))

18.  Consider the following two subjects, whose PLD consists of a mixture of two different systems  For reference, let’s call system 1 “English” and system 2 “Spanish”

22. Consolidation (All is revealed!)