European Settlement in the New World

European Settlement in the New World
U.S. History European Settlement in the New World

Unit Vocabulary: Colony Colonist Economy Presidio Hacienda Missionary
Castillo de San Marcos Important Dates: 1535 New Spain is formed 1565 St. Augustine is settled

New Spain By the 1500’s several European nations has sent explorers to claim land in the Americas. In order to protect the lands they claimed some Europeans, like the Spanish, decided to set up colonies.

New Spain Spain was one of the main countries to claim and protect the land it claimed. They began to form colonies. New Spain was a colony formed in 1535 mostly around Mexico. After gold and silver was found many more colonists began to settle in New Spain. New colonists needed workers to tend crops, help build the colony and so they enslaved the Indians.

Indians began to die off because they were overworked and because of diseases brought by the Spanish. As more Indians died off the colonists needed to find other people to work the land so they began to search for free laborers in Africa.

Spanish Borders As more European countries began to discover all that the New World had to offer Spain knew that they needed to protect the land that they had already claimed for their colony. The first Spanish settlement was built by the Spanish soldiers in 1565 and it was called St. Augustine. This was called a presidio which means fort. The Spanish also set up areas called borderlands. These were lands that separated the Spanish territory from lands they did not control. The borderlands stretched from northern Mexico across the southern states from Florida to California. This created a buffer zone which is an area that serves as a barrier between to locations.

The Spanish also set up areas called borderlands.
These were lands that separated the Spanish territory from lands they did not control. The borderlands stretched from northern Mexico across the southern states from Florida to California. This created a buffer zone which is an area that serves as a barrier between to locations

Castillo de San Marcos In 1672 after years of attacks from other countries the Queen of Spain sent money to the soldiers so that they could build a stronger fort in St. Augustine called Castillo de san Marcos. It was made of 100’s of presidios that stretched from Florida to California and protected the colonists of New Spain.

Haciendas and Ranches The haciendas were large farming estates which grew crops. They helped the Spanish survive and build communities. The Spanish brought many types of livestock and animals with them such as cattle, sheep and horses. The Plains Indians learned to tame horses and ride them to hunt and during times of war. The Navajo Indians learned to raise sheep for wool which they used to created clothing and blankets.

Spanish Missions Spain settled on the borders of the Americas and Mexico in order to protect its empire and build an economy. Economy: The way a country manages its money and resources (such as workers and land) to produce, buy, and sell goods and services.

In order to do this the Spanish sent missionaries to teach the Indians about Catholicism and make them loyal Spanish citizens. A missionary was a person in a foreign land sent to carry on religious work The Indians were no longer allowed to worship their gods without punishment. Many Indians fought back and destroyed churches and missions.

In order to protect their Missions the Spanish built roads to connect the settlements to make travel between them faster and easier. The main road built was called El Camino Real which means “The Royal Road” It was 600 miles long and located all across modern day California. It connected the missions and presidios.

Review Questions: New Spain
1.) Why did colonists come to settle in New Spain? 2.) How long after New Spain was formed was St. Augustine settled? 3.) Why did Spanish colonists need many workers? 4.) Why did the Spanish send missionaries to the borders? 5.) What do you think might have happened if the Spanish had not built presidios?

Unit Vocabulary: Civil war Royal colony Proprietor Proprietary colony

1673 Marquette & Joliet explore the Mississippi River
Important Dates: 1608 Quebec is founded 1673 Marquette & Joliet explore the Mississippi River 1682 Sieur de la Salle claims Louisiana for the French

New France: While the Spanish were growing rich in New Spain the French were claiming areas in what is Canada today and the Northeastern U.S. They found good fishing and fur trading. For the French fur trading with the Native Americans was like finding gold!

Fur trade was so profitable that the King of France, Henry IV (4th) began to setup colonies in Canada and the northern United States. In 1603 Samuel de Champlain was hired to make maps of where beavers could be found because their pelts (Fur) were worth a lot of money. Champlain mapped the areas of Eastern Canada near the St. Lawrence River. Champlain built the first important French settlement in North America and he called it Quebec.

Not many French settlements were set up at first
This was because in France they were going through a civil war A war between two opposing groups in the same country In North America the Dutch and English began to take over French territories because there was no one there to protect them! The French’s fur trade was almost destroyed. In order to protect his land in the 1660’s the French King Louis XIV (14th) declared New France a royal colony.

A royal colony is an area ruled directly by a monarch (king or queen)
Because the King couldn’t leave France he appointed governor-generals to govern these foreign lands. The Governor-General of New France decided that they needed to do more exploration of the New World. He used the Indians in the area to learn how to make canoes out of birchbark so that they could explore all the small rivers and lakes that their French ships were to large to navigate.

Explorations The French were searching for something called the Northwest Passage which was a waterway that many explorers believed existed that traveled straight through North America. The Indians believed that this was a river they called the Mississippi, which meant “Father of the Waters” The governor-general of France hires 2 men to lead an expedition to find this Northwest Passage.

Exploring the Mississippi
In 1673 Governor-General de Frontenac sent an expedition to explore the rivers and lakes that he hoped would lead to the Mississippi River. One member of the expedition was Jacques Marquette, a catholic missionary who spoke several Indian languages. The other members were Louis Joliet, a fur trader and explorer and 5 other adventurers. The explorers set out from northern Lake Michigan in two birchbark canoes.

They crossed the huge lake and traveled to the Wisconsin River
They crossed the huge lake and traveled to the Wisconsin River. When they reached the mouth of the Wisconsin River, they saw the Mississippi River for the first time. The explorers followed the river but soon realized that it could not be the Northwest Passage because it flowed south. S they neared the mouth of the Arkansas River, they met some Indians who informed them that some Europeans lived a little further south of that area. The French feared that the Europeans might be Spanish soldiers so they decided to turn back.

Marquette and Joliet traveled about 2,500 miles
Marquette and Joliet traveled about 2,500 miles. Their expedition opened the Mississippi River valley up to French settlement and trade. In time, the French did build trading posts that later grew into larger towns such as: St. Louis, Des Moines and Louisville.

Louisiana The next explorer to look for the Mississippi River was Rene-Robert Cavalier better known as Sir La Salle. In February of1682 he set out with a group of French and Indian people two months later they found the mouth of the Mississippi river and claimed the whole valley area for France. La Salle named the whole area after King Louis XIV and called it Louisiana. In 1684 La Salle tried to start a colony but it was difficult because the land was swampy and the climate was hot. The explorers began to fight and 3 years later La Salle was killed.

Louisiana Many years later in 1712 after a settlement was finally started the king declared it a proprietary colony which meant that all of the land could be owned and ruled by one person. The first proprietary leader was a Scottish banker named John Law. In 1718 Law established the town of New Orleans and in 1722 it was decided that this was the official capital. But Louisiana like other French settlements would continue to struggle while the English and Spanish took over more and more land.

Review Questions: New France
1.) Which areas did the French explore? 2.) Why was New France made a royal colony? 3.) How did Marquette and Joliet know the Mississippi River wasn’t the Northwest Passage? 4.) Why was it difficult to settle in Louisiana? 5.)When New France was just beginning why did many merchants want to build colonies? 6.) When was Quebec founded? 7.) Why was the Marquette and Joliet expedition important to the French? 8.) What were the economic reasons for France exploring and settling in North America?

The English in the Americas
The English had been sailing to the Americas since Unlike the Spanish and the French the English were not looing for gold or riches. They came for the rich fishing found in northern Canada. But after hearing about the successes of the French and Spanish the English began taking more of an interest in settling North America in the mid-1500’s.

1st Voyages to the New World
John Cabot was the first Englishman to visit the New World in 1497. Queen Elizabeth I saw how rich the Spanish were becoming and started to encourage her sea captains to intercept and attack and Spanish ships they encountered, hoping to steal any treasure the Spanish were shipping back to Spain.

Attacking the Spanish Other sea captains who were not directly working for the Queen began to see how much treasure the Queen’s navy was capturing so they too began to attack Spanish ships. The Queen allowed this so long as they shared a large portion of the treasure they stole with England. These English pirates became known as sea dogs. The Queen protected these captains.

Francis Drake The most famous sea dog was Francis Drake.
In 1577 he began his most famous voyage. He sailed around the tip of South America to the Pacific ocean and captured a Spanish ship so full of treasure it took his crew 4 days to unload all of the gold and jewels. Francis Drake was worried that the Spanish might discover that he robbed their largest ship and come after him. Instead of going home the same way he cam he decided to taka totally different route around America. During his journey home he stopped in what is today san Francisco and claimed it for England.

After he sailed all the way around the world and back to England.
He and his crew were the 2nd group of men to ever sail all the way around the world. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I and became Sir Francis Drake.

England Starts a Colony
With all the treasure stolen from the Spanish the English built a strong navy Becoming one of the most powerful countries In 1584 Queen Elizabeth asked Sir Walter Raleigh to establish England’s first colony in North America Raleigh sent 2 sea captains ahead to find a good place to settle They returned with good news and had found a place to settle in what is today North Carolina

First Virginia Colony Raleigh sent the men back with100 colonists to start a new settlement He named the settlement Virginia and hoped that the forests there would provide lumber and other materials to send back to England When the colonists arrived they settled an area that the local Indians called Roanoke, but the colonists stayed less than a year and returned home

The Lost Colony In 1587 Sir Walter Raleigh sent a 2nd group to Virginia to set up another colony By the time the colonists arrived it was too late to plant crops, so a small group returned to England to bring back supplies But at this time England was at war with Spain and it took 3 years until the group could return to Virginia and bring supplies By the time the supply ship returned all of the colnists were gone!

The Lost Colony The only thing that was left were the letters CRO carved into a tree and the word CROATOAN carved into a wooden post The settlers were never found Some believe that they went to live with the nearby Coratoan Indians Many of the Croatoan Indians today have the same last names as some of the original colonists.

Jamestown Colony Although the 1st attempts at colonization failed for England a group of merchants decided to try again In order to start a colony they first ahead to ask permission from the King, King James I. He agreed and the merchants formed a company called The Virginia Company The purpose of this company was to set up trading posts in the New World, but most were just hoping to find gold!

The Virginia Company The company was owned by many people each was part owner and had invested money in the company. Each person now owned stock in the Virginia Company Stock means that each person owned a piece of the business and would be paid a share of the profits.

Settling Jamestown In ships sent by the company sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and 105 men and boy sailed up the James River (which was named after their king) looking for the right spot to start their colony The first spot they found was filled with disease carrying mosquitos and poisoned water. When they finally found a spot they realized that none of them were farmers or good with their hands. They were so worried about finding gold that they didn’t bother preparing for winter and gathering food

As a result of their bad planning their 2nd winter became known as “the starving time”
They almost all perished if not for their strong leader, Captain John Smith. Captain Smith was a soldier, explorer and writer. He set up an important rule for the colonists: “Those who did not work, did not eat.” Everyone began to work and farm and they built fences around their colony to protect themselves from Indian attacks.

The fighting between the confederacy and the colonists continued
During this time there were over 30 Indian tribes in the area They formed a council called the Powhatan Confederacy. The colonists did not respect these tribes or their confederacy and therefore Captain Smith was captured. Legend says that the chief’s daughter Pocahontas saved his life but it’s not known if this was accurate. The fighting between the confederacy and the colonists continued

Jamestown Grows Economic success
The colony struggled but soon began to prosper Economic success They didn’t actually find gold but they did discover another crop that would make them rich: TOBACCO John Rolfe was the leader of the colony at the time, he began experimenting with the tobacco and ways to dry it. By 1613 Rolfe had created a type of tobacco the English liked and the colonists began growing it as a cash crop A crop grown to sell and not to be used or consumed by the farmers

The Virginia Company sold the tobacco all over Europe and made a huge profit.
The Company began allowing colonists who stayed in the colony for 7 years to control and work their own land. This made colonists want to work even harder and not return to England. In 1619 the first female colonists were allowed to travel to the New World.

Tobacco Farming As the tobacco farms grew larger Africans were brought over to work as paid laborers, but as the demand for more workers grew the Africans were no longer paid and forced into slavery.

A New Government By 1619 there were 1000 colonists in Jamestown, the Virginia Company decided that there needed to be laws and they setup a legislature a lawmaking branch of government They called this the House of Burgesses Burgess: a representative who is chosen by and speaks for a group of people This was the first legislature in the colonies and was the end of the Virginia Company’s control.

End of Company Control In order for the company to continue to prosper they needed to farm more In order to farm more they needed more land which they took from the local Indians The Indians needed this land for farming and hunting though. In 1622 the Powhatans attacked and killed 340 colonists. The colonists fought back and won taking over the Powhatan lands. Because of this King James I declared Virginia a royal colony, the king now had total control He appointed a royal governor who would work with the House of Burgesses to keep control of the colony.

Review Questions: English in the Americas
1.) Why did the English continue to try to settle an English colony in North America despite all of the hardships? 2.) What was John Rolfe’s role in the colony? 3.) How did the success of the Virginia Colony lead to the development of the House of Burgesses? 4.) What made King James I decide to make Virginia a royal colony? 5.) What was the cause of the conflict between the Indians and the colonists?

The Pilgrims In 1534 King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church and formed the Anglican Church Many were not happy with this new church and wanted to start their own church These people were called “Separatists” They practiced a strict religious way of life and were known as Puritans Many of these Separatists were persecuted so they fled to the Netherlands where they could practice their religion freely

They called themselves “Pilgrims” because they were on a religious journey
The Pilgrims became homesick and were missing their way of life in England. In 1616 they sent men to England to ask the Virginia Company for a charter to start a colony in North America. The Virginia Company agreed and the Pilgrims returned to England on the Mayflower and the Speedwell.

The Mayflower & Speedwell
After returning to England for supplies, these ships were going to take the Pilgrims to America. The Speedwell proved to be unseaworthy. All the Pilgrims crowded onto the Mayflower and set out from Plymouth, England in September 1620.

A Cold Day in Late 1620 Crowded on the Mayflower, 101 men, women, and children headed to the lands governed by the Virginia Company. Including Miles Standish, who was hired as the colonies new military leader The Pilgrims were given free passage to America. They agreed to work for the Virginia Company. The Pilgrims would send them furs, fish, and lumber.

The Mayflower Compact To keep order in the new colony, the 41 men aboard the Mayflower, signed an agreement. They agreed to make laws for the good of the colony and to obey those laws. Women were expected to follow the laws even though they were not asked to sign the Mayflower Compact.

The Mayflower Compact was a new idea of self-rule that gave everyone who signed it the right to share in the making of laws, which was a new idea. The Compact also said that all laws would be decided by majority rule which meant that more than half of the people had to agree before a decision could be made. This was a “Social Compact” A Social Compact is : An agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each

The Journey The Atlantic crossing was stormy, and winds blew the ship off course. Finally, November 11, 1620, the Mayflower came to rest of the coast of what is today Massachusetts.

Mayflower, 1620

The Pilgrims searched for nearly a month before they found Plymouth harbor. December 25, 1620 they stepped ashore and settled on cleared land that had once been a Native American village. In the bleak, cold winter, the Pilgrims like the Jamestown settlers had their “starving time.” By spring, most of them had died! Those that survived, managed to keep the colony alive.

Landing in Cape Cod @ Plymouth Rock

A Long Winter The first winter was hard.
The weather was cold, there was not enough food, and many settlers became ill. About half of the Pilgrims died.

“a special instrument of God!”
Survival The colonists who did survive the winter were surprised one March day when a tall Native American named Samoset appeared and greeted them in English. Samoset introduced them to Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoag's, the group that controlled present-day Massachusetts. One of the Natives, named Squanto, taught the Pilgrims how to hunt in the forests, how to plant corn, and where to catch fish. Squanto also acted as their interpreter, helping to maintain peace between the colonists and the Natives. The Pilgrims, grateful for Squanto's help, called him… “a special instrument of God!”

Thanks to the help of the Natives, the Pilgrims had an abundant harvest in they shared their bounty with the Native Americans in a festival called Thanksgiving. In 1621 the council for New England officially granted the Pilgrims a charter for their settlement at Plymouth. A few new settlers, but the Plymouth Colony grew slowly. It had only 300 settlers by 1630 and 3,000 by The Pilgrims were always a poor community. However, they clung to the belief that God had put them in America to live as true a Christian life as possible.

Plymouth Colony For a time the Pilgrims lived in peace with the Wampanoags. As more English colonists came to settle in Massachusetts, the new people were not friendly toward the Indians. They settled on more and more of their lands. The new settlers eventually forced the Indians off their lands.

Plymouth Colony, 1620 “As one small candle may light a thousand, so the light here kindled hath shone to many, yea in some sort to our whole nation.”

Plymouth Prospers The colony started to prosper. They were able to grow food. Eventually the colony leaders of the colony began to divide up the land amongst colonists, in 1623, like in Jamestown. People began to work harder. But they left large areas of land that everyone could use. They began to trade with new settlers and were welcoming.

One colonist, William Bradford was elected governor
One colonist, William Bradford was elected governor. He believed in the colonies religious beliefs so strongly that he kept them separated from other colonies. He was reelected governor 30 times! In 1691 Plymouth became part of the larger Massachusetts Bay Colony.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Less than 10 years after the Pilgrims founded Plymouth, another group of religious settlers founded an English colony in North America. Like the Pilgrims, these settlers disagreed with many practices of the Anglicans, or members of the Church of England. Unlike the Pilgrims, however, they did not want to separate from the church. They wanted to change some of the religious practices in order to make the church more “pure”. For this reason they were called Puritans. The Puritans set up a community in North America so that they could make money and live by their Christian ideas.

Important Information
People: John Endecott John Winthrop Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Thomas Hooker David Thomson Metacomet Dates: 1625 1630 1635 1637 1639 1675

A City on a Hill In 1628 John Endecott led the first group of Puritans to sail to New England. There they built a settlement called Salem on a bay they called the Massachusetts Bay. The word Massachusetts means “at the big hill” in the Algonquin Indian language. In 1629 the settlers created the Massachusetts Bay Company.

In 1630 John Winthrop brought a 2nd larger group of Puritans to settle along the Bay. He was their governor for over 20 years. The Puritans hoped that their communities would be a model for others and show people good clean living. In 1637 Winthrop worked to form a confederation of the New England colonies so that they could protect themselves from attacks from Indians and the Dutch. He was named president of the confederation in 1643.

Puritan Life Constable, town crier, gravedigger etc.
Puritan villages were small and centered around 2 places: the Common and the Meetinghouse or Church The Common was known as the village green and was a gathering place for people and was shared land for animal grazing The Meetinghouse was central to their religious way of life. They also conducted town business here during town meetings. Here they elected town officials like: Constable, town crier, gravedigger etc. The small size of theses villages made it easy for people to look out for one another and made them feel like part of a community.

Home & Farm Life Women worked in the home preparing food and cleaning. They also made all of the clothing for each family member. The men grew crops like: corn, barley, rye and wheat. They also grew pumpkins and squash. The men raised animals such as: cattle, hogs and sheep. Which they used for food and leather.

New Ideas, New Colonies The lives of the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony centered around religion. In fact, religion was so important to the Puritans that they expected all newcomers to follow the Puritans’ beliefs. They did not welcome people whose ideas were different from theirs. When the Puritan leaders disapproved of someone’s ideas, they sent that person back to England or to another English colony. Some colonists who left the Massachusetts Bay colony formed new colonies nearby.

Roger Williams and Rhode Island
In 1631 Roger Williams and his family arrived and settled in Salem where he became a minister. Williams was very outspoken about his beliefs that the Puritans shouls be separate from the Chruch of England. He wrote many letters to Governor Winthrop about these ideas. But soon his ideas became unpopular and in 1635 he was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony Expel means to force to leave

Williams and his family fled to the south where they received protection and food from the local Narragansett Indians. In 1636 many of Williams followers decided to leave Salem too. Williams bought land from the Indians and set up a colony he called Providence. Providence would later become the capital of present-day Rhode Island. Williams set up a government based on consent All parties must agree This new government gave people the freedom to follow any religion they chose.

Anne Hutchinson Trial Anne Hutchinson was a colonist of the M.B.C she and her family moved to the colony in 1634 and soon began to question the authority of the Puritan ministers and their teachings. Anne decided to start holding her own religious meetings stating her own beliefs. In 1637 the Puritan leaders accused her of: “being a woman not fit for our society” and brought her to trial. She was charged with sedition: using speech and behavior that goes against the government She was found guilty, and expelled from the colony and year later from the Puritan religion altogether.

Anne Hutchinson and her family fled south and founded a settlement near Providence which later united with Williams colony and became the Rhode Island Colony.

Connecticut Others left the M.B.C but not for religious purposes they wanted to find more fertile farmland. In the 1630’s people began to move to the Connecticut River Valley this is where the first settlement was founded in 1633 and named Windsor. Soon after the settlement of Wethersfield was formed. The best known settler was a man named Thomas Hooker, he left M.B.C for a more free religious community. He and other settlers set up a colony called Hartford. In 1636 Windsor, Wethersfield and Hartford united to form the Connecticut Colony.

Connecticut comes from the Mohegan indian name for “at the long river”
In 1638 Thomas preached the idea that consent based government would be better. In 1639 Connecticut Colony created the Fundamental Orders, which was a set of laws that explained the basic purpose of a government. They were the first written plan of government in N.A. They allowed the male colonists to vote in order to elect their leaders.

New Hampshire Not all settlers went to the Massachusetts Bay some settled in near the Merrimack River in what is today New Hampshire. In 1623 David Thomson founded the first settlement where they began to cut down trees and ship them as lumber to England. The settlement was named Strawberry Banke, but today it is known as Portsmouth. In 1679 Strawberry Banke and other nearby settlements united into the new Hampshire Colony with a charter from King Charles II.

Indian Wars As more and more settlers moved and took control of more land Indian and colonist fights broke out. In the CRV the Pequots and the Connecticut colony fought and with the help of the MBC the Pequots were defeated. Became known as the Pequot War. The Indians had “sold” colonists their land and they believed that this meant that they would share it. The English wanted the Indians off the land completely. In 1675 an all-out war started between the settlers and Indians.

This war was known as King Philip’s War
The leader of the Indians was called Metacomet, but the English called him Philip. He was the leader of the Wampanoag's and son of Massasoit (who helped the Pilgrims survive) The war began when the Indians attacked a town called Swansea. In retaliation the colonists destroyed a nearby Indian village and took their land. In the end 3,000 Indians dies including Metacomet and 1 out of every 16 male colonists died.

Frontier: land that is beyond areas that have already been settled
After the war the Indian tribes were forced off their lands and it caused many settlers to push farther north into northern Massachusetts seeking safety. Others moved farther north to Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine and even out west. the New England frontier was now separated into Indian and European settlements. Frontier: land that is beyond areas that have already been settled

New England’s Economy Fishing and Whaling Trading Shipbuilding
Triangular Trade Routes Naval Stores- products that were used to build/repair ships Exports- goods leaving a country Imports- goods brought into a country Industry- all the businesses that make one kind of product or provide one kind of service

Triangular Trade Routes- shipping routes that connected England, North America and the west coast of Africa. They formed an imaginary triangle on the Atlantic Ocean Trading ships carried material from the English colonies and the West Indies. Slave ships carried people from central and west Africa to use as workers

The Middle Atlantic Colonies
While the Puritans were building settlements in New England other settlers were establishing colonies to the south. This region included New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania and became known as the Middle Atlantic Colonies. The first settlers in the Middle Atlantic region discovered that when the land was cleared of trees and rocks it was good for framing. The climate was perfect for growing crops like wheat, rye and corn which were used to make bread. The Middle Atlantic Colonies produced so many crops used in making bread it came to be called the “breadbasket.”

Unit Vocabulary: Refuge Trial by jury Great Awakening Township militia Important People: Henry Hudson Benjamin Franklin Peter Stuyvesant Edward Byllinge William Penn Important Dates: 1626 1664 1682 1710 1732

New Netherland In the 1600’s the Dutch began building settlements in what is today New York, new Jersey and Delaware. They called it New Netherland. After Henry Hudson explored the river valley area in New York in 1609, the Dutch claimed the valley for Holland. In 1621 the Dutch set up trading posts and created the Dutch West India Company. In 1626 the Dutch began building a fort and setting up a down on Manhattan Island.

They called this new settlement New Amsterdam.
Also in 1626 the Dutch bought Manhattan island from the Manhattan Indians and it became the capital of New Netherland colony. The Dutch welcomed many new settlers from many different countries to their colony and they began to expand.

New York In 1646 the Dutch West India Company appointed Peter Stuyvesant as director general of New Netherland. When Stuyvesant took over there was fighting amongst the colonists over land, with Indians and other neighboring Europeans. Stuyvesant was a strong ruler and solved many of the issues, but the colonists weren’t happy with his kind of law; the colonists wanted more say in their government. But it was not allowed. Even though there were issues the colony grew and prospered.

New York In 1655 Stuyvesant took over a small colony called New Sweden, in what is today Delaware. As the Dutch colonies grew the English thought they were stopping them from expanding their territory. For this reason Kind Charles II declared war on Holland. The Kind told his brother the Duke of York if he could seize the Dutch colonies they would be his. In 1664 English warships sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor.

New York Stuyvesant tried to force his colonists to fight but they would not. Stuyvesant was forced to give up control and the English divided up New Netherland in to what is today New Jersey and New York, New York City was once the Dutch capital of New Amsterdam.

New Jersey After the split parts of New York and New Jersey were offered to any Englishman who wanted to buy land to settle. Among the people who wanted to buy land was a group called the Society of Friends a religious group aka the Quakers. In 1674 a group of Quakers led by Edward Byllinge bought a share of New Jersey. They started the first Quaker colony in North America.

The Quakers The Quakers believed that all people are equal and all people are basically good. The Quakers believed that all violence was wrong and therefore carried no guns or weapons, they believed in solving problems peacefully. B/C of this they were treated poorly in England and refused to fight for the king. Like the Puritans they hoped to find refuge , a safe place, in North America and hoped that New Jersey would be a place where they could worship as they pleased.

Pennsylvania The area that is today known as Pennsylvania was given to William Penn by King Charles II. Penn was a Quaker. He was given the land because the king owed a debt to Penn’s father. Penn wanted to name the land “Sylvania” which means woods. The king asked that it be named Pennsylvania to honor Penn’s father. The new name means “Penn’s Woods”

Pennsylvania/Delaware
In 1682 Penn wrote up a document that planned out Pennsylvania’s government. He called it the Frame of Government. This document planned a legislature called the General Assembly to make laws. It said that the citizens of Pennsylvania would have freedom of speech, worship and a trial by jury . Guarantees a person accused of breaking the law the right to be tried by a jury of fellow citizens. Penn was a fair leader and soon became owner of Delaware where he set up a new general assembly. The first Delaware General Assembly met in 1704.

The Great Awakening Unlike the New England colonies the middle Atlantic colonies welcomed people of different religions. Many towns had more than one type of church in them. This lead to the Great Awakening: a religious movement started by a Dutch minister named George Whitefield, that called for people to have a greater freedom of choice in religion.

Review Questions: 1.) Where did the Dutch first settle in North America? 2.) What were some of Peter Stuyvesant’s accomplishments? 3.) Why did the Quakers refuse to fight for the king? 4.) What did trial by jury guratantee a person? 5.) In what year did the English take over New Netherland? 6.) Where was the first Quaker colony in North America located? 7.) What was the Great Awakening?

Colonial Philadelphia
As proprietor of the Pennsylvania colony, William Penn planned not only its government but also its settlements. One of them, Philadelphia, became the largest and wealthiest city in all the English colonies of North America.

Colonial Philadelphia
William Penn named the main city Philadelphia a word meaning, “brotherly love” in Greek. Penn divided the colony into townships: areas of land Each township would be 5,000 acres and then divided into even gridded squares and given to individual families. Each house would be within walking distance of another house and a church. Philadelphia would be divided differently than the smaller townships.

Philadelphia: The City
The city was divided into a checkerboard grid system, with open public parks, waterways and good land. By 1710 it was the largest city in all the colonies. It was also a major port city constantly importing and exporting goods. The people mostly immigrants from Europe. The largest group being the Quakers from England. These groups of immigrants set up shops and were skilled laborers like: butchers, blacksmiths, bakers and carpenters.

Philadelphia: The City
The next largest immigrant group were from Germany. They brought the idea of farming and using lumber to make barns to house their animals and grains. They were also gunmakers and wagon makers. Some immigrants came for religious freedom, or to escape wars ad famines in their own countries, some came to make money and earn a living.

Benjamin Franklin & Philadelphia
Accomplishments for Philly: - trained the 1st firefighters - worked to get the roads paved and lit at night -Raised money for 1st hospital -organized 1st militia: volunteer army to protect the city and border

Benjamin Franklin & Philadelphia
Accomplishments in Science: - Invented the 1st lightning rod which attracts lightning away from people and homes and guides it to the ground instead. Accomplishments in Education/Writing: - Established 1st library -helped found 1st Philly school; Philadelphia Academy - He was a printer & started the first newspaper; Pennsylvania Gazette - Published Poor Richard’s Almanack almanac: a book issued once a year

Poor Richard’s Almanack
These were popular publishing offering a mixture of seasonal weather forecasts, practical household hints, puzzles, and other amusements like comics and drawings. Farmers used the the Almanack was useful because it would let them know average temperatures and rainfall so they could plant their crops at the right time. It also contained a calendar, weather, poems, sayings, star information and astrological info.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Moving Westward In the mid-1700’s many settlers began towards the western boarders of the colonies, away from the Atlantic Ocean. They all followed an old Indian trail that became know an the Great Wagon Road because they traveled by wagon. The road was difficult because of the land, it went through the Appalachian and Blue Ridge mountains. One of the most famous travelers on this road was Daniel Boone: a famous explorer of the western U.S.

Southern Colonies As towns grew and cities in the 13 colonies grew, plantations also grew– especially in the Southern Colonies. Plantations became prosperous because plantation owners known as planters, were able to grow large amounts of cash crops, more than on small farms. Planters acquired as much land as they could in order to grow more and more crops to sell.

The Plantation Economy
Plantations were an important part of the economy of the southern colonies. As planters learned to grow more cash crops more plantations were started Early plantations were built along tidewaters: low-lying land along a coast because the soil was rich Crop buyers from England would travel the southern waterways bartering and trading for crops with goods that they mad like: shoes, lace, thread, tools and dishes

Plantations Owners of the largest plantations would hire a person to buy and sell their crops and other items for them. This person was called a broker. Planters then sent their crops to England with the broker along with a list of items they were to buy. In order to make room for all of the crops they wanted to grow planters needed to keep clearing new land, which increased the size of their plantations.

Plantation Workers In the beginning when plantations were small family members worked the farms from morning until night. As plantations grew the planters began to add more and more workers, until the only job of the owners was to oversee the workers. Many of the first workers were indentured servants: a person who agreed to work for another person without pay for certain length of time in exchange for passage to North America. The 1st indentured servants to be sold in the colonies were kidnapped Africans. Eventually the Africans just became slaves with no end to their service.

A Slave’s Life There were 2 kinds of slaves: field slaves and house slaves. Field slaves worked in the field raising and harvesting cash crops. They were watched by overseers: people hired to watch the slaves and punish them as necessary. House slaves were treated much better than field slaves. They were fed, clothed and housed. Female house slaves did the cooking, cleaning, sewing and washing for the household. Male house slaves took care of the horses, carriages and fixed things around the house.

A Slave’s Life Slave owners treated slaves as property and they could be bought or sold and treated and punished as the owner wanted. Some slave owners were extremely cruel. Laws forbade slaves to learn to read or write and slave children were put to work at the age of 10.

A Planter’s Life Southern plantation owners and their families were the best educated people in the 13 colonies. Some plantation owners had their own schools on their plantations with tutors from Europe. Girls stopped going to school by 12 or 13 so that they could learn to be housewives. The job of the plantation owner and his wife was to take care of all members of the plantation which could number in the 100’s with family, servants and slaves. The owners of the plantations also served as important members in the community like: judge, sheriff, governor, etc.

Southern Cities The Southern colonies had fewer towns and cities than the Middle Atlantic and New England colonies. This was because planters and farmers wanted to spread out over as much land as possible. They wanted to use the land to grow crops and weren’t interested in building towns. By the mid-1700’s some settlements along the coast had grown into large towns and cities. Among these cities were Charles Town, Wilmington, Norfolk, Baltimore and Savannah. They all had good harbors and grew because of trade with Europe.

Trade Ports Some settlers who lived inland brought their goods to the harbor in port cities to trade/sell. They would buy/trade for imported item such as: tea, coffee, pepper, furniture, silverware, and medicine. There were also people in these port cities who worked as: fishers, hatmakers, tailors, and printers. These workers would hire young men as apprentices: young people who worked for a skilled worker in order to learn a trade. Most were not paid but were given food and board.

Charles Town Charles Town, South Carolina became the largest city in the Southern colonies. In 1708 it had a population of 6,000. Merchants and planters had the most power in the city. Most people in South Carolina lived in or around Charles Town during this time.

Other Important Cities
Wilmington, North Carolina: naval stores/lumber Savannah, Georgia: Major Port, Norfolk, Virginia: Major Port, naval stores, exports. Baltimore, Maryland: shipped out large supplies of tobacco and grain , became a center for shipbuilding, major port.

County Seats A county is a large section of a colony that contains smaller cities/towns. The county seat was the main town for a county. The county seat in many cities became the trade center for trade, auctions, and a gathering place for land owners to have meetings, make laws and vote for leaders. County seats usually had: a general store, a jail and a courthouse.

The American Revolution

Chapter 8 Uniting the Colonies

Chapter 9: American Revolution
Although the colonies were at war with Britain many Americans believed their problems with the king and Parliament could be settled. They hoped the British government would change its views an allow them to take part in their law making.

Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Common Sense was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine and stated that people should rule themselves and that, “A government of our own is a natural right.” Like Thomas Paine, Richard Henry Lee gave a speech at the 2nd Continental Congress saying that the colonies no longer owed allegiance to the King. Lee proposed a resolution that said, “Resolved: That these united colonies are free and independent states.” He wanted this resolution to be presented to England and the colonies. Before Congress would present his case they had to come to an agreement, which turned out to be difficult.

A resolution is a formal statement of the feelings of a group about an important topic.
Congress debated the issue for over a month. They hoped that the time would give the 13 colonies a chance to finally come to a unanimous agreement and finally join together. During the same time the 2nd Continental Congress formed a committee made up of: Benjamin Franklin representing Pennsylvania, John Adams representing Massachusetts, Robert Livingston representing New York, Roger Sherman representing Connecticut, and Thomas Jefferson representing Virginia.

Their purpose was t come up with a document that listed the rights and freedoms that they felt they deserved from England, and hoped that this document would finally unite all the colonies. Thomas Jefferson, a lawyer, was given the task of writing this declaration. He wrote and rewrote the document for 17 days straight, this document would later become known as the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence has five parts. They are the Preamble, the Statement of Human Rights, Charges Against Human Rights, Charges Against the King and Parliament, and the Statement of Separation and Signatures.

Declaration of Independence
Preamble This is an introduction that stated why the declaration was needed in the first place. Discussed the colonists ideas on government The largest part was a list of the grievances the colonists had against the king and parliament.

It also listed the ways the colonists had attempted to settle their differences peacefully and declares that the colonies were free and independent states. The declaration was read to Congress on June 28, Thomas Jefferson read it aloud and it was discussed and changes were made July 2nd the Congress met to vote on Henry Lee’s resolution to cute ties with Britain. It was approved.

July 4, 1776 Congress gave the final approval and accepted the Dec. of Indep. August 2nd the Final Draft was written and the Declaration was signed John Hancock signed first and said that he made his name large so that King George could read it without using his glasses! The way he signed his name became so famous People now refer to signing your signature as John Hancock.

Forming a New Government
The 2nd Continental Congress wasn’t done after the Declaration. John Hancock organized a committee to figure out how to unite the colonies into one country . Congress chose John Dickinson of PA to write a new plan of government His plan was to unite the colonies into a Confederation of 13 States in order to form a “firm league of friendship” among them. The plan was approved on November 15, 1777 one year after the plan was presented to Congress. It was called the Articles of Confederation

Article of Confederation
It took until March 1, 1781 for all of the states to agree to follow this plan. The articles stated that each state was to elect leader and choose representatives to be part of the national legislature called the Congress of the Confederation. Each state would be given one vote in Congress, no matter that size of the state. This Confederation served as the United States government for 8 years, throughout the Revolutionary War.

Fighting the Revolutionary War
George Washington arrive in Massachusetts to meet the Continental Army in July 1775, less than 3 weeks after the Battle of Bunker Hill. The 14,500soldiers wore no uniforms, many had no guns so they carried spears and axes. With no money and little training, the Continental Army went to war against one of the most powerful armies in the world, the British Army.

The War in the North By spring 1776 Washington and his “army” moved south from Massachusetts to New York. By fall the British had defeated the Americans at several small battles. Washington and the Continental Army were on the run! By winter what army Washington had left had marched through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania. Most of the British army was sent back to Mass. for the winter. When Washington heard the news that the army that was left was unprepared for an attack he decided to make his move against the British.

The War in the North On Christmas Day 1776 Washington and his army crossed the ice filled Delaware River in boats. Through the night his army march in the freezing weather towards Trenton, NJ. At daybreak the Americans made a surprise attack, more than 900 Hessians were taken prisoner. By the New Year in October 1777 the Americans defeated the British at the battle of Saratoga in NY. The Americans defeated more than 5,000 soldiers led by British General John Burgoyne.

Because of bad planning by 2 British generals the British army ended up being split in 2 making it easy for Washington and his army to defeat the British. It was one of the worst defeats of the war for the British. They surrendered on October 17, 1777. The Battle of Saratoga became known as the turning point for the Americans in the war.

Valley Forge In 1777 Washington's arm set up headquarters in Valley Forge, PA. That winter the Continental Army was almost destroyed by cold and hunger, many men died. During their winter in Valley Forge this army was trained by other countries, such as France and Germany, officers who believed n the Patriot’s cause. The army learned how to attack and retreat quickly, follow commands, and how to use a bayonet. By the spring of 1778 Washington's army was better trained, though smaller and was ready to march on.

Help from Other Countries
While the Continental Army was at Valley Forge Benjamin Franklin was in France asking for their leaders for supplies and soldiers. The French were willing to help in order to weaken the British government. Once the French heard about the Continental Army’s win at Saratoga they were more than willing to help. The Spanish also sent guns, food and money. The Spanish settled in Louisiana also helped take over some British forts.

Real American Heroes A man named Ethan Allen led a group of militia from Vermont to one of the first victories over the British. They captured Fort Ticonderoga in New York. Nathan Hale from CT worked for General Washington as a spy and collected key information. But he was caught and hung by the British. It is told that before he was hanged he said,” I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

At sea Navy commander John Paul Jones battled a huge British war ship in the North Sea near Britain. He took the war to the British and attacked when it was unexpected. His unwillingness to surrender led to the British surrendering. He is quoted saying when asked to give up,” I have not yet begun to fight!” Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley earned the name Molly Pitcher for bringing water to the men on the battlefield. When her husband was wounded she took over firing the cannons for him at the battle of Monmouth. Mary Solcomb joined her husband on the battlefield in 1776 at the Battle of Moores Creek.

The War in the South In 1778 the British captures Savannah, GA, in 1780 they captured Charleston and Camden, SC. The British now hoped that they could defeat the Continental Army. General Nathan Greene commanded the southern Continental Army and began to try to take back the southern areas now under British control. In 1781 Benedict Arnold a Continental officer led the British attacks on Virginia towns. He also exchanged important American war documents to the British for a position in the British army. His name has become synonymous with being a traitor of the worst kind.

Yorktown By summer 1781 British General Cornwallis had setup a HQ at Yorktown, VA. This location gave the British easy access to the Chesapeake Bay where they could receive supplies from their ships. A large French army joined the Continental army near NYC and march south in order to surround Yorktown. At the same time the French navy was taking control of Chesapeake Bay to cut off the British from receiving any supplies. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped!

Yorktown By late September it was obvious that Cornwallis had no way of winning the battle. After being surrounded and under attack for weeks from both land and sea Cornwallis was forced to surrender. The British soldiers marched out of Yorktown and surrendered their weapons. There was fighting around the colonies for 2 more years, but after Yorktown the Patriots had basically won the war!

The Treaty of Paris The official end to the war didn’t occur until the Treaty of Paris was signed. Both sides British and Colonists sent representatives to work out the Peace Treaty. The Americans wanted the King and Parliament to recognize them as free and independent and to remove all British troops from American soil. They also wanted all Americans whose property was damaged during the war to be paid. The British asked that Loyalists who wished to remain in America be treated fairly. The 2 sides negotiated for over a year and the Treaty of Paris was signed on Sept. 3, 1783.

The treaty also officially named the United States of America as a new country.
It outlined its borders which reached from Florida to the south, Great Lakes to the north, and the Mississippi river formed its western border.

Effects of the War After the war Britain could no longer use the United States as a source of lumber and agricultural products. But the French, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch ships left American ports full of supplies to trade. After the war more Americans began to move westward looking for new land. In order to protect their western borders the US set up a permanent army. In the 1800’s we set up West Point as the first military academy and later a naval school at Annapolis, MD. The American Revolution wasn’t just a war it became a model for revolutions in other countries as well.

Chapter 10 The Constitution

A New Nation, Problems from the start
In 1781 before the war with Britain had ended, the 13 former colonies-now independent states- approved the Article of Confederation. This plan for a central government made the USA a republic. A republic is a form of government in which the people elect representatives to govern the country. People hoped that under the Articles of Confederation, all 13 stated could act together as one nation when needed. Under the Articles, however, the central government was weak.

Problems When Congress was called to discuss important issues there were often not enough representative to allow a decision to be made. In order to make a decision at least 9 of the 13 colonies must have been represented. Often there weren’t enough reps. Even when there were all of the reps they very often couldn’t come to an agreement. No state wanted to be under control of the other. Another problem was that Congress had no official place in which to meet, they would meet in different cities and buildings each time.

The A.O.C also said that Congress could declare war, make treaties and borrow money but it couldn’t collect taxes. Congress asked each state to donate money to help support eh central government. But, state leaders could refuse to send $. States could also refuse to pat debts they owed. The central govn’t could print money in order to help. But printing too much money caused inflation. Inflation occurs when the value of a govt’s $ falls because there is too much of it. This meant that people needed more money to buy the same foods and services. Costs went from 2 cents to $20!

The articles also stated that congress could not raise a large army without permission of the states. The states feared the the govn’t could use an army to enforce unfair laws. But this also meant that rasining an army to protect against an invasion was also difficult.

Shays’s Rebellion There were so many economic problems in the 1780’s. Many revolutionary soldiers had never been paid for their service in the war, they were poor and still had to pay high taxes. In order to work many farmers/soldiers had to borrow money and go into debt. If people could not pay their debts or taxes, the courts of some state would take away their farms. The farmers were so outraged they began to protest the courts and not let them hold meetings.

One such protest was called Shays’s Rebellion and was named for Daniel Shays, a former captain in the Continental Army. It was the fall of 1786 when Shays and a group of farmers led attacks against the courthouses. The farmers hoped that they could stop the courts from taking their land. In January 1787 Shays led an attack on a US arsenal located in Springfield, Mass. An arsenal is a building that is used for storing weapons. The arsenal belonged to the central government, but Shays attacked anyway.

Congress did not have any army to defend the building
Congress did not have any army to defend the building. Massachusetts called out its state troops to stop Shays. In the end 4 men of the rebellion were killed. Shays rebellion showed that many Americans were unhappy with the state govnt’s and Congress had no way to defend US property the states and US govn’t remained in unrest, under the Articles of Confederation.

The Western Lands Congress was in charge of dividing up the lands west of the Appalachian mountains. Many settlers began to move here after the war. The Ohio River valley area became known as the Northwest territory. A territory is land that belongs to a national government but is not a state and is not represented in Congress. As more and more people moved out west they began to have disputes over land boundaries and who got what land. In 1785 Congress passed a land ordinance; set of laws that created a system to survey or measure land

The land were divided into squares called townships and then into 36 smaller sections to be sold off by the central government. It was so successful the lands west of the Mississippi were divided the same way. We still use township and section lines today. In 1787 Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance which set up a plan for governing the NW territory and for forming new states from the lands. The ordinance also promised the settlers freedom of religion and did not allow slavery.

A Rope of Sand Some people argued that Congress needed more power.
James Madison who represented VA and the youngest member of Congress was worried that Congress under the AOC had become a “rope of sand”, which would be useless if ever needed. Many other believed that the nation needed a stronger central govn’t in order to jeep the stated from breaking apart. Yet others like, Patrick Henry believed that a rope of sand was better than one of iron!

The Constitutional Convention
In order to discuss the weaknesses of the AOC some leaders called in the states to hold a convention to discuss trade among the states it was held in Annapolis, MD in 1786. Only 5 states were present: DE, NY, NJ, PA, & VA. The most important topic to discuss was commerce (trade) Under the AOC each state was able to print its own money, but the $ was not accepted from state to state making trade impossible. In order to resolve this the state reps agreed that a stronger central govn’t was needed to help regulate commerce among the states. This also meant the AOC had to be changed.

In order to change the AOC all states had to agree!
So the delegates from the Annapolis convention sent a letter to Congress asking it to call another convention. Representative from all the states could then meet and discuss their problems and also decide whether changing the AOC would help solve those problems. All states agreed except Rhode Island who still believed that a strong national government would threaten the rights of their citizens.

The Philadelphia Convention
The delegates met in 1781 in Philly, one of the first to arrive was George Washington. He was immediately elected the President of the convention. He was 55yrs old by then and a decorated war hero. 55 delegates fro 12 states were represented, only Rhode Island refused to join. They met at the Pennsylvania state house which was later called Independence Hall. They met in secret so that they could make their best decisions without outside influence. They decided they needed to replace the A.O.C and create a Constitution that described the relationship between the state and the national gov’t

The delegates agreed to create a federal system of government
The delegates agreed to create a federal system of government. This meant that the national gov’t and the state govt’ would share control. The states would be in control over all rights that affected their own state; local gov’t, state laws, and state elections. They would no longer print their own money, raise armies/navies or make treaties with other countries. The national gov’t would have control over all national laws and rights. This new system would be the “supreme law of the land” and was called the Constitution of the United States of America.

Federal System of Government
State Govt’s National Government Public schools Local gov’t Elections Trade w/in state Marriage laws Voting laws Control trade btw states/foreign countires Army/navy Print $ Admit new states War/peace Laws for immigration

Federal System of Government
Shared Powers Collect taxes Court systems Banks Borrow money Make public laws for health and welfare of citizens

The Great Compromise The delegates agreed that each state would be represented in Congress and the number of representatives would be based on the population of each state. The Virginia Plan said that larger states would have more representatives. But people thought this unfair. The New Jersey Plan was created to fix this, it said that all states would have the same # of representatives. This still didn’t make everyone happy. To solve the representative problem the delegates created a 2 house Congress, this was the Great Compromise.

Another problem was whether to count slaves as part of the population
Another problem was whether to count slaves as part of the population. The northern states didn’t want them to count because they had less slaves than the southern states. To solve this problem they created the Three-Fifths Compromise, this said that only 3 out of 5 of all slaves would count for the population. The delegates were moving closer to a final decision on the new government for the United States.

The Three Branches The delegates to the Constitutional Convention wrote the Constitution with great care. Gouverneur Morris of PA spent long hours writing down and polishing each sentence. The delegates gave him the job of recording all the ideas that had been approved during the convention.

The Legislative Branch
Article I of the Constitution explains the lawmaking or legislative branch of the government. The Congress could make the laws and regulate the trade between the states, raise an army/navy, coin money & declare war. Congress would have 2 houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. Either house can propose a bill for any bill to become a law the majority of each house would have to agree. The number of members each state sent to the House of Representatives would depend on the state’s population.

House of Representatives/Senate
A census: or population count would be taken every 10 years to find out the # of people per state. Today there are 453 members of the House of Reps. In the Senate each state has 2 senators. Today Citizens of each state are given the power to elect their members for the House of Reps and Senate.

The President Executive Branch Qualifications:
The president must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen, and have lived in the United States at least 14 years. How He/She is Elected: Americans vote for president every four years on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. That popular vote chooses delegates to the Electoral College, which actually elects the president in December.

Term Four years. The president cannot serve more than two terms. Income Yearly salary: $400,000. Succession If a president dies, resigns, is disabled, or is removed from office, the Vice president assumes the office. This has occurred nine times.

Job Description The Constitution assigns the president two roles: chief executive of the federal government and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. As Commander in Chief, the president has the authority to send troops into combat, and is the only one who can decide whether to use nuclear weapons. As chief executive, he enforces laws, treaties, and court rulings; develops federal policies; prepares the national budget; and appoints federal officials. He also approves or vetoes acts of Congress and grants pardons.

The Vice President The primary responsibility of the Vice President of the United States is to be ready at a moment's notice to assume the Presidency if the President is unable to perform his duties The Vice President also serves as the President of the United States Senate, where he or she casts the deciding vote in the case of a tie. Except in the case of tiebreaking votes, the Vice President rarely actually presides over the Senate. Instead, the Senate selects one of their own members, usually junior members of the majority party, to preside over the Senate each day.

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