1. Options for sustainable water provision for agricultural use
Key driver for poverty eradication”
SPATIAL MISMATCH BETWEEN WATER RESOURCES AND WATER DEMAND
Harry Pheko, ROD

2. Facts At-A-Glance
330 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to improved sources of drinking water.
Only 60% of SSA people use improved sources of improved DW despite an increase of 11 points since 1990.
At this pace SSA will not reach the MDG targets of halving by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to improved DW : it is estimated that only 26 countries out of 53 will attain the MDG goals.

3. PRESENTATION OUTLINE Objective Background
Water Resources (WR)Distribution
Water Demand (WD)Distribution
Supply and demand clustering
Observations

4. OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this paper is to discuss the spatial variation in water supply and demand across Botswana and to assess the implications for future water resources development

5. BACKGOUND
The recent downward turn of the global economy, which has resulted in less than stellar performance of the mining sector, forced the government to embark on a diversification drive aimed at reducing reliance on the mining sector.
Among the strategic initiatives to realize this has been the drive to resuscitate agriculture sector.
The contribution of agriculture sector to the Botswana’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has declined from a high of 42.7% in 1966 to a current level of 3%.

6. BACKGOUND
The move to improved agriculture output has been linked to the broader goal of the poverty eradication initiatives
The resuscitation of this Agricultural initiative requires water resources
However, this agric resuscitation is going to face high competition for the scarce water resource from non- agricultural activities such as mining

7. Water resources - Rainfall distribution
There is a northeast-southwest gradation of mean annual rainfall represented by a line from Kasane (650 mm) to Bokspits (170mm)
Over 90% of the rainfall occurs in the summer months.
Sometimes, 70% to 90% of the annual total rainfall may occur in only one month.
Rainfall incidence is highly variable both spatially and temporally. 
Rainfall is very variable both in space and time.
It does not rain that much in Botswana

8. Water resources Groundwater Resources
The map shows major abstractions and groundwater potential
Abstraction mainly on the eastern corridor
Some of the major abstraction occur in the two diamond mines.
Area of high potential appear on the central part of the country
Groundwater resources
Area of high potential

9. Percentage (%) full (2012/9/17)
Water resources - dams
Dam
FSC (MCM)
Impoundment
(MCM)
Percentage (%) full (2012/9/17)
Gaborone
141.4
57.19
39.97
Nnywane
2.3
0.9
37.8
Shashe
85.3
60.92
71.14
Bokaa
18.5
Failed
Letsibogo
100
30.36
28.4
Ntimbale
26.5
20.65
77.1
Molatedi
201
93.4
45.9
Dikgathong
400
New dam
Thuni 90
New Dam
Has agric component
Lotsane 40

10. Result in Surplus & deficit terms
Wastewater
Treated effluent represents 16% of all water resources in the country by volume. (NWMP 2006)
Francistown (10Ml/d) and Gaborone (44Ml/d) plants has the most significant quantities of effluent.
Most treatment plant facilities are located on the eastern corridor.
Result in Surplus & deficit terms

11. Demand - Population distribution
Population is congregated in the eastern region of the country.
In 2001, 87% of the population were located in the Eastern and South-Eastern Planning Regions
The Northern Region, which includes the fertile Okavango Delta, had 8.5% of the country’s population, while the Western Region, which is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, is sparsely populated.
A similar kind of distribution pattern is seen in 2011 population census

12. Water Demand
Current country water demand 250Mm3/annum

13. Summary of supply and demand .

14. Summary of supply and demand .
Cluster Number
Water Demand (All units m3/day)
Water Resource (All units m3/day)
Available for Export (m3/day)
Comment
1 - Kgalagadi South
2,740
No regional water resources available
-2,740
Tsabong currently provided for by a sort of small 'wellfield' - series of spread out boreholes
2 - Greater Gaborone
70,800 - Gaborone 115,500 - Rest of Cluster
186,300 - in Total
74,400
-111,900
Assumes average inflow into both Gaborone and Bokaa Dam
3 - Jwaneng
34,00 - Jwaneng Mine
5,700 - Rest of Cluster
39,700 inTotal
65,000
39,000
Assumes large operational wellfield developed at Botlhalotlau
4 - Mahalapye
42,700
40,000
-2,700
Assumes full high pumping resource from Masama expansion
5 - Serowe - Palapye
30,100
12,800
-17,300

15. Summary of supply and demand .
Cluster Number
Water Demand (All units m3/day)
Water Resource (All units m3/day)
Available for Export (m3/day)
Comment
8 - Phikwe
40,300 - BCL Mine
4,600 - Rest of Cluster
44,900 - in Total
53,300
8,400
Letsibogo Dam main resource
9 - Francistown
46,100
221,700
175,600
Assumes Lower Shashe Dam Completed - Lower Shashe Dam on boundary of Cluster 8 and 9
11- Nata/Gweta
6,300
32,700
26,400
Assumes Mosetse Dam and Gweta developed
13 - Orapa
48,200 - Orapa Mine
3,200 - Rest of Cluster
51,400 - in Total
43,000
-8,400
Assumes Letlhakane Mine closed. Flat rate for Orapa - does not include Saline Option
14 - Kasane
2,900
Extensive from Chobe
Uncertain and not included in study
Potentially huge transfer from Congo and Chobe
15 - Maun
15,200
22,000
6,800
Assumes new wellfields Gomoti, Kunyere all developed
16 - Ngamiland
5,900
30,000
24,100
Extensive Groundwater available although not developed at all
17 - Ghanzi - Kang
5,400
22,900
17,500
Ncojane Basin fully developed

16. Result in Surplus & deficit terms
Shashe and Lower Shashe Dams
Greater Gaborone
Source : Costing of the Botswana Water Supply and Demand Clusters Investigation
Draft Final Report - October 2008 Water Surveys Botswana (Pty) Ltd in Association with Bergstan Africa (Pty) Ltd

17. OBSERVATIONS .
There is a spatial mismatch between the demand and water supply aspects
The supply surplus and more resources tends to be focused towards the north of the country (mismatch)
The demands deficit tends towards the south
Other water needs like EFR and Agricultural requirements needs to be factored in the mismatch
Most deficit m3/day is located on the Limpopo basin

18. Implications of the mismatch .
Costly Potential transfer schemes to meet the demand
There will always be competition with other needs as per the Water Policy
Skewed migration of people and industry to the more urbanized eastern side of the country increasing demand
Scheme
TS1 Etsha – Ghanzi – Kang - Kanye
TS8 Molopo - Tsabong
Cost (x1000 Pula)
16,479,261
793,502
Rounded (Pula)
16.5 Billion
794 Million

19. Thank you