1. By Thato Seth Setloboko
Overview of Botswana’s Water Resources Demand and Deficits Projections up to Year 2035 By
Thato Seth Setloboko

2. Climate and Topography of Botswana
Average rainfall of 450 mm
Temperatures range from below zero in the south and can be greater than 40 degrees
Topography is relatively flat with low rates of surface runoff and deep (>250 m) overburden
Low rates of recharge to its groundwater with about 40 mm in small areas in the Chobe District in the north and over most of the Kalahari region it 18mm or approaches zero

3. Rainfall Distribution
Overview of Botswana’s Water Resources
Rainfall Distribution
Zambia
Namibia
650
600
550
500
450
Zimbabwe
Namibia
400
What is a community? What defines your community?
UCLA Center for Health Policy Research Health DATA Program – Data, Advocacy and Technical Assistance 4 Performing a Community Assessment
2. What major social institutions exist in your community (education, health, recreation, business, media, civic, government, others)? Which impact health? Which have an interest in health?
3. What clubs, associations, organizations, voluntary groups, support groups and faith-based institutions exist in your community? Which are related to health?
4. Who are respected leaders in your community? Who do community members go to for guidance? Who do they use for support?
5. Who influences decisions in your community? These could include elected or appointed officials, boards or councils, administrators, or other key decision-makers.
6. Thinking about the community assessment, which of the individuals or organizations would have the most expertise to help conduct a community assessment?
7. Which of them must be involved in order to conduct a community assessment?
8. Which ones would most use the results of the community assessment?
9. Which of these has a positive image and respected reputation in the community?
350
300
South Africa
Source: Bhallotra 1981
250

4. Surface Water Drainage Patterns
Zambezi River
Okavango River
Okavango Delta
Okwa valley
Limpopo River
What is a community? What defines your community?
UCLA Center for Health Policy Research Health DATA Program – Data, Advocacy and Technical Assistance 4 Performing a Community Assessment
2. What major social institutions exist in your community (education, health, recreation, business, media, civic, government, others)? Which impact health? Which have an interest in health?
3. What clubs, associations, organizations, voluntary groups, support groups and faith-based institutions exist in your community? Which are related to health?
4. Who are respected leaders in your community? Who do community members go to for guidance? Who do they use for support?
5. Who influences decisions in your community? These could include elected or appointed officials, boards or councils, administrators, or other key decision-makers.
6. Thinking about the community assessment, which of the individuals or organizations would have the most expertise to help conduct a community assessment?
7. Which of them must be involved in order to conduct a community assessment?
8. Which ones would most use the results of the community assessment?
9. Which of these has a positive image and respected reputation in the community?
Molopo River
Source: Botswana Atlas

5. Major Surface Water Works on the Limpopo
Name of Dam
River Name
Capacity (Mm3)
Gaborone
Ngotwane
141.4
Shashe 85
Nnywane
2.3
Bokaa
Metsimotlhaba
18.5
Ntimbale
Tati
26.4
Letsibogo
Motloutse
100

6. Planned Surface Water Works on the Limpopo
Name of Dam
River Name
Capacity (Mm3)
Dikgatlhong
Shashe
400
Lotsane 40
Thune 90

7. Available Surface Water Resources
Estimated yield of existing and planned reservoirs
Name of Reservoir
River
Yield /annum (Mm3)
Existing
Gaborone
Notwane
9.4
Nywane
1.9
Bokaa
Metsemotlhaba
4.9
Shashe
25.3
Letsibogo
Motloutse
30.8
Ntimbale
Ntshe
2.95
Planned
Dikgatlhong 62
Lotsane
6.5
Mosetse
7.92
Thune
4.18

8. Available and Potential W/Resources-Cont.
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
Developed Surface Water Resources
= m3/Year
Potential New Surface Water Resources / Undeveloped = m3/Year
Facts
a) No more dam sites available
b) Concentrated along the Eastern Corridor
b) Chobe-Zambezi Transfer Scheme, Lesotho Highlands Water Transfer to Botswana
Negotiations with Riparian States /Transboudary

9. Groundwater Occurrence Patterns
Influenced by geology and climate
Limited, both in quantity and quality
is unevenly distributed over the country
And considered non-renewable
Depth to gw: < 40m in the N and E to > 100m in the drier central and south-western parts.

10. Groundwater Exploitation
Department of Water Affairs:
27 wellfields for major village water supply
Water Utilities Corporation:
Dukwi Wellfield for Sowa Town, Nata & Dukwi
Botswana Power Corporation:
Paje Wellfield for Morupule Colliery
District Councils (MLG):
Several wellfields for rural village water supply
Debswana Mining Company:
For Orapa, Letlhakane, Damtshaa & Jwaneng Mines
Private Farmers
For livestock-watering and limited irrigation
At present there are around 25,000 officially-registered boreholes in Botswana (BNWMP – Review, 2006)
Currently this type of setup is under review by MMEWR
The ultimate goal being that all the wellfields are coordinated by one organisation

11. Available and Potential W/Resources
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
Developed Sustainable Groundwater Resources
= m3/Year (Does not include Wellfields that are operated by Mines and other Privately owned Boreholes)
Potential New Groundwater Resources / Undeveloped = m3/Year
Unknown
a) Saline Groundwater Resources- not yet quantified
b) Other Aquifers – e.g Sand rivers, CKGR, Sorilatholo, etc.
c) Groundwater Recharge Rates
Research required

12. NWMPR Water Demand Calculations

13. NWMPR Water Demand Calculations

14. Water Demand Clusters Investigations
This project was formulated to evaluate the Water Demands, Water Resources and to Propose the most Cost Effective Water transfer Schemes to deliver the Water from Source to the Demand Centre. Concluded in 2008.

15. Available and Potential W/Resources
Groundwater Resources - Developed
Wellfield
Existing Known Resources
All Units m3/d
Sustain.
Resource
Lower
Est.
Upper
Orapa
Including Letlhakane mine and village
38,000
30,000
45,000
Jwaneng
Including Township supply
33,000
25,000
40,000
Maun
Existing Wellfield (Shashe Wellfield)
3,000
2,000
3,500
Maitengwe
3,290
2,500
4,800
Serowe
5,000
4,000
5,800
Palla Road
4,100
7,000
Paje
For BPC - Existing but is being expanded
1,500
1000
2000
Dukwi
400
3,600
Chidumela
800
200
1,100
Gaotlhobogwe
7,300
5,600
16,000

16. Existing Known Resources
Available and Potential W/Resources-Cont. Groundwater Resources -- Developed
Wellfield
Existing Known Resources
All Units m3/d
Sustain.
Resource
Lower
Est.
Upper
Mochudi
No longer used - nitrates
500
Malotwane
Only used for Agriculture at present
1,000
Molepolole
2,000
2,500
Thamaga
570
700
Palapye
3,000
7,000
Kanye
6,000
8,100
Lobatse
Not used at present - contamination
400
1,400
Ramotswa
4,000
12,700
Ghanzi
1,900
Kang - Phuduhudu
3000
7000

17. Available and Potential W/Resources-Cont
Available and Potential W/Resources-Cont. Groundwater Resources -- Potential
Wellfield
Potential New Resources
not yet developed (m3/day)
Sustain.
Resource
Lower
Est.
Upper
Gweta
Fresh Aquifer Only
6,700
5,000
8,000
Haina Hills
1,500
1,000
Maun
New Wellfields Gomoti/Kunyere/Matsibe
26,500
20,000
30,000
Lokolane
Ntane Sandstone Aquifer
2,000
3,000
Chepete
Extension of Palla Road
4,000
6,000
Masama
including Makhujane - Being Developed
15,000
10,000
Paje
Expanded Resource
5,500
Botlhapatlou
Considered same as Gaotlhobogwe
7,300
5,600
13,000
Ngamiland
Ncojane
Ecca Sandstone -
9600

18. Water Demand Clusters 17 Clusters Cluster No.
Cluster Name / Definition 1
Kgalagadi South (Khokohtsa - Werda - Tshabong - Bokspits ) 2
Gaborone (Ramotwsa - Lobatse - Kanye - Mochudi – Molepolole) 3
Jwaneng – Letlhakeng-Sekoma 4
Mahalapye 5
Serowe – Palapye 6
Tswapong 7
Bobirwa 8
Selibe-Phikwe village and associated villages - not Bobonong 9
Francistown 10
Masunga

19. Water Demand Clusters 17 Clusters Cluster No.
Cluster Name / Definition 11
Nata –Gweta-Sowa Town 12
Central East – Since merged with Clusters 8 & 13 13
Boteti -including Orapa and Letlhakane 14
Chobe- (Kasane - and river side villages and Kavimba) 15
Maun-(Maun, Toteng and Sehitwa and Delta villages ) 16
Ngamiland (North West Ngamiland and Pan Handle villages) 17
Ghanzi-Mamuno-Kang

21. Water Demand/Deficit & Surplus - 2035
Cluster Number
Water Demand (m3/day)
Water Resource (m3/day)
Surplus/Deficit (m3/day)
Comment
1 - Kgalagadi
South
2,740
No regional water resources available
-2,740
Tsabong currently provided for by a sort of small 'wellfield' - series of spread out boreholes
2 - Greater
Gaborone
70,800 – Gabz Only
115,500 - Rest of Cluster
186,300 - in Total
74,400
-111,900
Assumes average inflow into both Gaborone and Bokaa Dam
3 - Jwaneng
34,00 - Jwaneng Mine
5,700 - Rest of Cluster
39,700
65,000
39,000
Assumes large operational wellfield developed at Botlhalotlau
4 - Mahalapye
42,700
40,000
-2,700
Assumes full high pumping resource from Masama expansion

22. Water Demand/Deficit & Surplus - 2035
Cluster Number
Water Demand (m3/day)
Water Resource (m3/day)
Surplus/Deficit (m3/day)
Comment
5 - Serowe - Palapye
30,100
12,800
-17,300
6 - Tswapong
Not part of study
7 - Bobirwa
8 - Phikwe
40,300 - BCL Mine
4,600 - Rest of Cluster
44,900 - in Total
53,300
8,400
Letsibogo Dam main resource
Francistown
46,100
221,700
175,600
Assumes Lower Shashe Dam Completed - Dam on boundary of Cluster 8 and 9
10 - North East

23. Water Demand/Deficit & Surplus - 2035
Cluster Number
Water Demand (m3/day)
Water Resource (m3/day)
Surplus/Deficit (m3/day)
Comment
11- Nata/Gweta
6,300
32,700
26,400
Assumes Mosetse Dam and Gweta developed
12 - Central East
No Longer a separate Cluster
No Longer a separate Cluster
This Cluster was amalgamated into Clusters 13 and 8
13 - Orapa
48,200 - Orapa Mine
3,200 - Rest of Cluster
51,400 - in Total
43,000
-8,400
Assumes Letlhakane Mine closed. Flat rate for Orapa - does not include Saline Option
14 - Kasane
2,900
Extensive from Chobe
Uncertain and not included in study
Potentially huge transfer from Chobe /Zambezi

24. Water Demand/Deficit & Surplus - 2035
Cluster Number
Water Demand (m3/day)
Water Resource (m3/day)
Surplus/Deficit (m3/day)
Comment
15 - Maun
15,200
22,000
6,800
Assumes new wellfields Gomoti, Kunyere all developed
Ngamiland
5,900
30,000
24,100
Extensive Groundwater available although not developed at all
17 - Ghanzi - Kang
5,400
22,900
17,500
Ncojane Basin fully developed

25. 3 -Dimensional Surplus and Deficit Map of the Clusters

26. Water Supply
To address deficits and ensure a sustainable Water Supply:
Conjunctive use of Surface and Groundwater Resources – Eastern Corridor
- Availability of dams/reservoirs
- Aquifers to recover during wet seasons
- Artificial recharge of aquifers with excess runoff
- Groundwater should be used as back-up since surface water is lost to evaporation processes
Use Saline Groundwater where possible e.g Debswana
Construct Water Transfer Schemes

27. Proposed Transfer Schemes
8 Proposed Water Transfer Schemes
Transfer Scheme 1 – Etsha – Ghanzi – Kang – Kanye
If Molepolole, Thamaga, Moshupa and Kanye are connected to the NSC, then this scheme will act as backup.
This Scheme should also supply Tsabong & Matsheng Villages with augmentation from Lokalane, Ncojane & Jwaneng. Saline Groundwater to be considered
Should deliver and m3/day to Clusters 1 & 2 respectively

28. Proposed Transfer Schemes
Transfer Scheme 2- Maun – Mahalapye via Orapa-letlhakane-Paje-Serowe-Palapye –Mahalapye (More of Distribution)
To be augmented with supplies from Haina Hills, Paje, Serowe and Orapa if resources are available
3. Transfer Scheme 3- Gweta -Francistown
To act as back-up for the Ntimbale Dam and Maitengwe Wellfield during drought periods. Potentially about m3/day can be transferred.

29. Proposed Transfer Schemes
4. Transfer Scheme 4 Cluster 4 – Mahalapye
Ignoring supplies from the NSC to Mahalapye, but including supplies from TS2, the future water supply in Cluster 4 is very closely matched by the demands leaving little for transfer out.
Transfer Scheme 5 – Botlhapatlou – Molepolole – Gaborone
This together with the other well fields (Jwaneng, Gaotlhobogwe, Suping, Sorilatholo) can potentially supply some 18,600 m3 into the Gaborone ring main after supply to Molepolole, Thamaga and Mosupa

30. Proposed Transfer Schemes
Transfer Scheme 6 - South of Lobatse
This is a simple distribution network taking water from Kanye (assuming that TS1 and TS5 have provided some excess there) and distributing it to the villages in Cluster 2 which are south of Lobatse as far as Mabule
Transfer Scheme 7 – West of Francistown
This is a small distribution scheme to supply the villages to the West of Francistown. Link needs to be established between Francistown and NSC, via release from Shashe to Dikgathong or via pipeline from Shashe to Letsibogo.

31. Proposed Transfer Schemes
8. Transfer Scheme 8 – Molopo - Tsabong
This scheme takes water from TS1 at Sekoma to supply Cluster 1 (Tsabong). Delivers 275 m3/day. There’s a possibility of a transfer from the Orange River in South Africa to this Cluster though still under evaluation.

32. Proposed Transfer Schemes
The net effect of the proposed schemes is to supply those clusters presumed to have a water deficit by 2035, namely Clusters 1, 2, 4, 5 and 13, with water from the Clusters in surplus.

33. Recommendations
Water Demands and Deficit Projections are based on Population growth rates that needs to be monitored as time goes on to see if changes in population and life styles add extra demand to high density population clusters.
There is a need to reduce losses in the reticulation and bulk transfer systems.
Industry should be encouraged to move/locate in areas where water resources are more plentiful.
Large new industrial developments should be encouraged (financially even?) to locate where water resources are not so scarce
International agreements to water sharing, water abstraction should be started as soon as possible.

34. Recommendations
Surface water must be used preferentially to groundwater wherever possible even if this means higher water costs.
Transfer schemes should be prioritized and carried out in a structured progressive manner so that each new section can link into providing on going water supply
Saline water should be sought as an alternative for process water at all mines
Water supply projects for private and public sector (including parastatals) should be integrated - for example the recent BPC Paje wellfield area project will be supplying water from north of Serowe to Palapye whilst the NSC is going to be providing water from Palapye to Serowe - ie: there will be two pipelines carrying water in opposite directions along the same section of road

35. THANK YOU Kealeboga