1. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 2
Human Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
Obstetrics: Latin term “stand by” – stand by and assist mothers during the laboring process.

2. The Male Hormonal changes begin between 10 and 16 years of age
Outward changes
Penis and testes increase in size
Grows taller, more muscular
Secondary sex characteristics
Pubic and facial hair
Deeper voice
Changes occur because of Testoseterone
Primary male sex hormone

3. The Female Development of breasts occurs first
First menstrual period (menarche) occurs approximately 2 to 2.5 years later (around 11 to 15 years of age)
Growth spurt ends earlier than the male
Hips broaden
Pubic and axillary hair appear
To what can these changes be attributed?

4. Male Genitalia Penis Deposit sperm into female’s vagina Scrotum
Semen may be secreted during sexual intercourse before ejaculation
Scrotum
Sac that contains the testes
Suspended from the perineum
Helps keeps testes cooler than the rest of the body
Constant increase in temp around testes can prevent spermatogenesis and lead to permanent sterility
Necessary for spermatogenesis
Sperm production
Testes
Manufacture male germ cells
Spermatozoa or sperm
Secrete male hormones (androgens)

5. Testosterone
Has the following effects, not related to sexual reproduction
Increase muscle mass and strength
Promotes growth of long bones
Increases basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Enhances production of RBCs
Produces enlargement of vocal cords
Affects the distribution of body hair

6. Uterus Hollow muscular organ Shaped like an upside-down pear
Fertilized ovum implants and develops into an embryo
Shaped like an upside-down pear
Lies between the urinary bladder and rectum, above the vagina
Supported by the following ligaments
Broad
Round
Cardinal
Uterosacral
Autonomic nerve supply
Not under voluntary or conscious control

7. Uterus (cont.) Cervix (neck or lower part of uterus)
Consists of cervical canal with an internal opening near uterine corpus (internal os)
Opening into vagina (external os)
Mucosal lining has four functions
Lubricates vagina
Acts as a bacteriostatic agent
Provides alkaline environment to shelter deposited sperm
Produces a mucus plug in cervical canal during pregnancy

8. Ovaries Two Functions:
Production of hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
Stimulation of an ovum’s maturation during each menstrual period
At birth, every female has all the ova that she will have throughout her reproductive years (around 2 million)
By adulthood, number is in the thousands
By climacteric (menopause), the ovum no longer respond to hormonal stimulation to mature

9. Types of Female Pelves Gynecoid most favorable for vaginal delivery
Anthropoid may deliver vaginal
Android is typical male pelvis
Platypelloid is unfavorable for vaginal delivery
Gynecoid – classic female pelvis and is most favorable for vaginal deliveries.
Anthropoid – may deliver vaginally but the shape is long, narrow, and oval resulting in a more difficult birth.
Android – wedge-shaped inlet with narrow anterior segment – typical of the male anatomy.

10. True and False Pelves False pelvis True pelvis
Supports the enlarging uterus
Guides fetus into true pelvis
True pelvis
Dictates the bony limits of the birth canal

11. Pelvic Outlet
The coccyx can move or break during the passage of the fetal head, but an immobile coccyx can decrease the size of the pelvic outlet and make vaginal birth difficult
Problems that can cause a pelvis to be small:
History of pelvic fracture
Rickets
Immobile coccyx
Indicate that delivery by cesarean section will be necessary

12. Breasts Accessory organs of reproduction Montgomery’s glands
Produce milk after birth
Provides nourishment for the infant
Provides maternal antibodies to infant
Montgomery’s glands
Small sebaceous glands
Secrete a substance to lubricate and protect breasts during lactation
Is there any relation between breast size and ability to breast feed?

13. Female Reproductive Cycle

14. Female Reproductive Cycle (cont.)
Ovulation
Mature ovum released from follicle about 14 days before onset of menstrual period
Secretes increased quantities of progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for a fertilized ovum
Menstruation
Progesterone and estrogen levels decrease
Causes endometrium to break down
Clots are not normally seen in menstrual discharge
Menarche – the first menstrual period (11-15 years)
Menopause – the final menstrual period
Progesterone – A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, the corpus luteum, and the placenta. Its function is to stimulate the development of mammary glands and growth of the endometrium and to maintain a pregnancy.

15. Physiology of the Male & Female Sex Act
Sperm can reach fallopian tubes within 5 minutes
Can remain viable in female for up to 4 to 5 days
Female
The egg lives for only 24 hours after ovulation
Sperm must be available during that time for fertilization to occur
Complete the Chapter 2 Anatomy Quiz and Quiz by 2355 tonight.

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