1. Referencing (source:http://libguides.shu.ac.uk/referencing)

2. # What is referencing? Referencing is an acknowledgement of the sources of the information, ideas, thoughts and data which you have used in your work. It is the accepted way to acknowledge other people’s work when you have used it in your work or have been influenced by it.

3. # Why should you reference? Accurate referencing is very important because –It demonstrates that you have researched or read around the subject which you are writing about. –It provides evidence for your arguments. –It allows any reader of your work to find the original sources you used. –It avoids plagiarism.

4. # How do you reference? Referencing requires you to acknowledge your sources in two places –in the main body of your text by citing –In the bibliography or list of references at the end of your work

5. # The definitive guide The SHU Guide to Harvard Referencing and Citations (September 2014) offers detailed and comprehensive guidance on the Harvard referencing style recommended at SHU, including –Why you need to reference –How to cite in your work –How to produce a bibliography

6. # The Harvard SHU referencing style The Harvard method of referencing is a way of citing using the author and year The Harvard-SHU style was developed to provide consistent examples and guidance and is used across most of the University. Note: When you are using Library Search, Resource Lists Online, databases and other sources, you may be given the option to view or save your references in a Harvard style. However, this may not be the same as the Harvard-SHU style recommended at SHU and by your tutors.

7. Citing sources

8. # What is citing? A citation is a way of acknowledging the use of someone else’s work or ideas in the text of your work.

9. # Principles of citing You should cite whenever you use information from any kind of source even if you have written it in your own words Tip: You do not need to cite common knowledge (e.g. the 2012 summer Olympic Games were held in London).

10. # Citations should include the family name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication. You should put brackets around the year or the whole citation depending on how the citation fits in your writing

11. # Citation examples Citing a direct quote –The direct quotation used should be enclosed in speech marks. –If the quote is from a printed source, you should include page numbers in the citation. As Walker and Miller (2010, p397) point out, “in a successful communication, the sender directs a clear message to someone”

12. # Citing paraphrased information –Paraphrased information must also be referenced. You must still give credit to the original author even if you have not directly quoted any of their words. A clear message is important for good communication (Walker and Miller 2010).

13. # Citing multiple authors –Citing a source with two or three authors Include all of the names Daly, Speedy and Jackson (2006) discuss the … –Citing a source with more than three authors Use the first author followed by et al. Russell et al. (2005) give a description of …

14. # Citing a corporate author –The corporate author and year should be used in the citation. In the report by British Airways (2003) it can be seen that …

15. # Citing with no author –Cite it by title and list it under the title in your bibliography In the Dictionary of biology (2004) …

16. # Citing with no date –If you cannot identify the year of the source, replace the year with (no date) Collins (no date) explains

17. Creating a bibliography

18. # Formatting your references Each reference usually includes at least the author, year and title. The family name and full given name(s) of any authors should be used if available. For sources with one, two or three authors give the names of all of them. If there are more than three you should use the first author’s name followed by et al. When referencing electronic sources, show the format as [online].

19. # Reference examples A book reference –Author (year). Title. Edition, Place of publication, Publisher. JOHNSON, David W. and JOHNSON, Frank P. (2009). Joining together: group theory and group skills. 10 th ed., Boston, Allyn and Bacon.

20. # An eBook reference –Author (Year). Title. [online]. Place of publication, Publisher. ATRILL, Peter and MALANEY, Eddie (2013). Financial accounting for decision makers. [online]. 7 th ed., Harlow, Pearson.

21. # A journal article reference –Author (Year). Article title. Journal title, Vol (Issue), Pages. GRUBER, Jonathan and FRAKES, Michael (2006). Does falling smoking lead to rising obesity? Journal of health economics, 25 (2), 183-197.

22. # An eJournal article –Author (Year). Article title. [online]. Journal title, Vol (Issue), Pages. STYNER, M., et al. (2003). Statistical shape analysis of neuroanatomical structures based on medial models. [online]. Medical image analysis, 7 (3), 207-220.

23. # A web page reference –Author / editor (Year). Title. [online]. Day and month updated or posted (if available) and the URL. CRICK, Bernard (2011). George Orwell: voice of a long generation. [online]. Last updated 17 February. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/or well_01.shtml

24. # Creating a bibliography / reference list A bibliography should be a list of all the sources you have used in preparing your assignment, including background reading, even sources not directly referred to in your text. A reference list should include only items actually cited in your work.

25. # Your bibliography or reference list needs to be precise and consistent. The bibliography should appear at the end of your assignment References in the reference list should be arranged in one alphabetical sequence by name of author. If a number of references have the same author(s) put the references in order by year, with the oldest first.

26. # If a number of references have the same author(s) and were published in the same year, you should use letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year to distinguish the sources. If a number of references have the same first author, but the subsequent authors are different, the references should be listed under the first author and then in alphabetical order by the next author(s).

27. # If there is no author, the reference should be listed by the first significant word of the title (not under "The" or "A"). If a reference begins with a number in numerals, this should be listed at the beginning of the bibliography/reference list, before the alphabetical sequence.

28. # Example 3:10 to Yuma. (1994). [DVD off-air]. Directed by Delmer Daves. Channel 4. 29 January. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. (2000). Basic marketing research. 4th ed., London, Dryden Press. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. and BROWN, Tom J. (2004). Basic marketing research. 5th ed., Cincinnati, South Western. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. and PETER, J. Paul (1998). Marketing: creating value for customers. 2nd ed., Boston, Irwin/McGraw Hill. CHURCHILL, Gilbert A. et al. (1999). Sales force management. 6th ed., Boston, Irwin/McGraw-Hill. ELLIS, John (1992). Visible fictions: cinema, television, video. Rev. ed., London, Routledge. ELLIS, John (2000). Seeing things: television in the age of uncertainty. London, Tauris. JOHNSON, D. W. and JOHNSON, F. P. (1994). Joining together: group theory and group skills. Boston, Allyn and Bacon. MALLIER, T. and BAILEY, M. (1997). How students search for vacation employment. International journal of manpower, 18 (8), 702-714. NIELSEN, Jakob (1993a). Hypertext and hypermedia. London, Academic Press. NIELSEN, Jakob (1993b). Usability engineering. London, Academic Press. The pedant's revolt. (2004). [DVD off-air]. BBC4. 5 December. REITZIG, Markus (2004). Strategic management of intellectual property. [online]. MIT Sloan management review, 45 (3), 35-40. Ten days in Paris. (1991). [video off-air]. Directed by Tim Whelan. 18 April.

29. # Exercises on referencing (40 minutes) Exercise 1: Is a reference needed? Exercise 2: Where should the citation go? Exercise 3: Secondary referencing Exercise 4: Referencing errors

30. Plagiarism

31. # What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own. It is regarded as a form of cheating or ‘academic misconduct’ and may result in action under the University’s Disciplinary procedures. You must ensure that you acknowledge the ideas and work of others by proper referencing when submitting coursework.

32. # Examples of plagiarism The inclusion in your essay of a sentence or phrase (or more) from another person's work without the use of quotation marks and referencing the sources The paraphrasing of another person's work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation, without referencing the source The substantial and unauthorised use of ideas of another person without referencing the source.

33. # Consequences of committing plagiarism Plagiarism is considered to be cheating and is a serious offence against the University Academic Regulations and student policies. University Academic Regulations and student policies Penalties for cheating begin with a warning, followed by a series of sanctions ranging from resubmission of the work, capping of marks to failure. A record of the offence will also be kept on file for the duration of the course of study and may have consequences for further study or employment.

34. # Avoiding plagiarism Paraphrased information must be referenced. –Paraphrasing is when you put another writer’s ideas into your own words. Even if you have not directly quoted any of another person’s words you must still give credit to the original author. Don’t repeat or copy and paste information from the internet or any other source into your work without referencing it.

35. The End