1. 01- Sustainable Energy...The Wider Context

2. May 17, 2015 2 The Wider Context 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.1

3. What is Energy? “the ability to do work” Universe = Energy + Matter – Energy “moves” Matter (substance) No “free” ride: – Cannot be created nor destroyed; Can only be transformed May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 3 If so, why do we talk about “Energy Losses”? What does “transformed” mean? 1.1

4. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 4 1.1

5. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 5 1.1

6. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 6 1.1

7. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 7 1.1

8. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical What Binds molecules together – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 8 1.1

9. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear What Holds the Atomic Nucleus together What prevents Atoms from fusing – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 9 1.1 Fusion Fission

10. What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 10 1.1

11. May 17, 2015 11 output Energy & Society: Productivity input output input Mesopotamia, Egypt Europe; 1400's 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1

12. May 17, 2015 12 Energy: the Rise of the Machines Newcomen's 1712 Design Burn some Stuff Make some Heat Water into Steam Steam into Motion Motion into Electricity 1700's 1850's British Chancellor; "But, after all, what use is this electricity?" Michael Faraday; "Why sir, there is the probability that you will soon be able to tax it." Coal 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1

13. May 17, 2015 13 output Energy: New Energy Sources output input Mesopotamia, Egypt Europe; 1400's USA, Europe; 1900's Energy "growing" 1 Barrel of Oil ~ 25,000 Hrs Human Labour Energy "mining" 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1

14. May 17, 2015 14 Lord Curzon: "The Allied cause had floated to victory on a wave of oil" Energy: Carbons v Hydrocarbons Energy as: – Work, Surplus, to build armies, – Storage – Transmission Carbons: Coal = 32 MJ/Mass Hydrocarbons: Oil / Diesel = 47 MJ/Mass x 5 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1

15. May 17, 2015 15 Society Needs Energy to "Harvest the Sun" Energy as Work: Food Surplus, to feed specialists, Energy Storage Specific Energy: Energy stored (MJ) / Mass (Kg) Carbons: Dry Cow-dung / Camel-dung = 15 Wood = 18 Coal = 32 Hydrogen = 142 Hydrocarbons: Oil / Gasoline = 48 Oil / Diesel = 47 Natural Gas / Methane = 56 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1

16. May 17, 2015 16 The Wider Context Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications 1.2

17. May 17, 2015 17 What is it: What it's made of C 2 H 6 : Ethane C 3 H 8 : Propane C 4 H 10 : Butane C 5 H 12 : Pentane 90 % 0 % - 20 % % CH 4 : Methane Sulphur Content Wet Dry API Gravity High 4% Low 0% Heavy Sour Light Sour Light Sweet Heavy Sweet 10° 45° Petroleum Natural Gas BCF-17 Venezuela Maya Mexico Arab Light - Heavy Arabian Peninsula Alaska "North Slope" USA Daqing China Brent UK 70 % 15° 2.5% 20° 3.7% 28° - 34° 2 %- 3% 39° 0.5% 33° 0.1% 31° 1.0% Other Compounds Paraffins Naphtenes Aromatics Asphaltics 15 - 60 30 - 60 3 - 30 0 - 6 30 49 15 6 Average % Range % Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.2

18. May 17, 2015 18 Society's Oil & Gas Needs: Quality Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption 2. At Production 3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2

19. May 17, 2015 19 Society's Energy "Mix" Energy as: –W–Work: Electricity + Transport Surplus: consumption society –S–Storage –T–Transmission –E–Efficiency Hydrocarbons Gasoline & Diesel No Transport Transport Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons Natural Gas Energy "Mix" in the United States, 2000 55% Loss 80% Loss 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2

20. May 17, 2015 20 Efficiency @ Consumption Side Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption: Petroleum Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport High Energy Content / Weight Easy to Modify / Refine Relatively Clean 2. At Production?  Electricity: Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas  Transport: Hydrocarbons: Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2

21. May 17, 2015 21 Efficiency @ Production Side Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption: Petroleum Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport High Energy Content / Weight Easy to Modify / Refine Relatively Clean 2. At Production?  Electricity: Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas  Transport: Hydrocarbons: Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2

22. May 17, 2015 22 The Wider Context 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.3

23. May 17, 2015 23 ERoEI: Energy Quality Profit Needs Extraction Cost 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3

24. May 17, 2015 24 ERoEI: Energy Sources REF: Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Oil & Gas: 1970 Oil & Gas: 2005 Shale Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3

25. May 17, 2015 25 ERoEI: Quality of Oil REF: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2010/12/13/there-is-plenty-of-oil-but/ High Quality: High EROEI Many useful by-products Low Quality: Low EROEI Few useful by-products Average EROIE: in 1990 ~ 40:1 in 2010 ~ 20:1 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3

26. May 17, 2015 26 ERoEI: Energy Quality Profit Needs Extraction Cost 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3

27. May 17, 2015 27 1. Energy and Petroleum 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Outline Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 2

28. ERoEI: the Net “Energy Cliff” May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 28 2 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167

29. May 17, 2015 29 We’re still using 1700’s Tech Newcomen's 1712 Design Burn some Stuff Make some Heat Water into Steam Steam into Motion Motion into Electricity 1700's 1850's Coal 2 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability

30. May 17, 2015 30 1. Energy and Petroleum 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Outline Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 3

31. May 17, 2015 31 In Summary: Energy in Context Work & Storage – Surplus "import" fossil energy from the past, "export" pollution into the future. – King Coal is still King Most power = "Steam Power" Energy = source of heat Transmission – Petroleum is better – Oil is easier to transport than gas Efficiency: 1. At consumption 2. At Production, Since 1990's: Decreasing ERoEI Increasing Real Cost 3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal 3 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability

32. ERoEI: Quality of Life May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 32 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167 3

33. May 17, 2015 33 For your attention Energy: Sources and Quality Beyond Petroleum? Implications... … questions … comments ? Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability