1. Introduction to Navigation
By: Lisa Mozer

2. Navigation
In first experimental night flight was tried out using bonfires en route.
Early air traffic controllers began using flags and lights to signal to pilots
1920’s – airports begin to use lights to show position of landing field
Cleveland Ohio, first city to use a radio-equipped control tower.

3. Navigation (3 basic types)
Celestial Navigation – using the stars, sun, and planets. Oldest form of navigation
Pilotage – pilot uses landmarks to determine position
Dead reckoning – pilot determines position using speed, time, direction, and destination
Radio Navigation – use of high tech instruments to determine position by use of radio waves

4. Magnetic Compass
The compass has the four cardinal headings shown as N, E, S, and W.
Numbers appear every 30 degrees.
Long vertical marks occur in 10 degree increments, with intervening short marks at 5 degree points.

5. Visual Omni Range (VOR)
Used since the 1950’s
Operated by the FAA
VOR signal displays aircrafts position relative to specific station
Uses thousands of radio transmitters located throughout U.S. and the world
Aircraft must be within receiving range

6. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
Allows the pilot to measure their distance from station
Typically collocated with VOR station
Displays distance, ground speed, and time to reach station
Can also be paired with a TACAN station
Slant Range error upon approach of station

7. Aircraft course and DME indicator

8. VOR/DME ground station

9. Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
Uses low frequency signals
When frequency is set to proper station, the needle will point exactly to the station
Non directional beacon (NBD) stations broadcast the signal threw the sky

10. ADF Indicator

11. Radar Stands for Radio Detection and Ranging
Uses electromagnetic waves which are transmitted to the ground to determine altitude, direction, range, and speed
Over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems
Frequently used in approach and landing, especially in low-visibility conditions

12. Transponders
Little box on an aircraft used to help make the aircraft more visible as a radar target
When a radar beam hits an aircraft it is reflected back to its origin so the FAA can pin point its exact location. The transponder generates a very powerful return pulse, making the aircraft easier to see