1.  On a piece of paper, identify the following for Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. ◦ Holy place ◦ Holy texts ◦ Founder ◦ Supreme being

2.  37: Notes: Classical India

3.  1. Bellringer  2. Quiz: World Religions  3. Notes: Classical India  4. Primary Source  HOMEWORK: Read pages 97-100 and 181-187.

4. Ms. Allen World History I – 2015-16

5.  Indian civilization begins in the river valleys ◦ Recap: Why river valleys?  Look at map: What rivers are in India? ◦ Indus River ◦ Ganges River  First civilizations in India along these two rivers

7.  By 2500 B.C.: First major cities in ancient India are being built ◦ Same time as Egyptian pyramids were built  Along the Indus River the two largest early Indian cities were: ◦ 1. Harappa ◦ 2. Mohenjo-Daro

8.  Large, well-planned cities  Key characteristics: ◦ Streets and buildings laid out in a grid ◦ Fortified area called a citadel ◦ Separate residential areas of town ◦ Buildings made of oven- baked bricks ◦ Sophisticated plumbing and sewage system within the city

9.  Around 1500 B.C.: Aryans cross Hindu Kush and migrate into India ◦ Comes at the same time as Indus culture is dying  Result of this invasion?: Aryans dominate the people already living in India  Who were the Aryans? ◦ Were taller, lighter skinned ◦ Spoke a different language than the people already living in India

10.  The Aryans = totally dominate the people already living in India  Installed caste system ◦ Purpose of this caste system? To divide people into classes  What did the classes look like in Aryan India? ◦ Top classes = made up of Aryans ◦ Bottom “classes” = native Indians

12.  Mauryan Empire = first official empire in India ◦ Happens about 1000 years after the first Aryans entered India  How does the Mauryan Empire begin? ◦ Chandragupta Maurya defeated a Greek army that had invaded India  Chandragupta Maurya = starts Mauryan Empire (named after him) after beating Greeks ◦ By 303 B.C.: Chandragupta Maurya set up the Mauryan Empire across northern India

13.  Chandragupta Maurya dies and his son took over ◦ Continues to expand the empire by unifying areas under his control  Upon the son’s death, Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson, Ashoka assumed throne.

14.  Mauryan Empire united Indian subcontinent ◦ Ganges and Indus Rivers ◦ Up to the Himalaya and Hindu-Kush Mountains

15.  Mainly Hinduism  Ashoka (a king) spread Buddhism through missionaries

16.  About Hinduism: ◦ One of the oldest religions in the world ◦ Almost 1 billion people are Hindus today  80% of India is Hindu  Because so many Indians are Hindu, it is an important part of Indian history and culture

17.  A major religion founded in India ◦ Hinduism is another  Founded around 400s B.C. by Siddhartha Gautama  Spread of Buddhism: ◦ Spread from India to China, the rest of the Asia and the world by Asoka’s missionaries

18.  Under Chandragupta ◦ United India for the first time ◦ Strong bureaucracy  Under Ashoka ◦ Religious tolerance ◦ Built roads, free hospitals, hotels ◦ Outlaws death penalty, animal cruelty

19.  Chandragupta conquered the Aryan empire and established a dynasty ◦ Establishes a bureaucracy  Ashoka ◦ Became a non-violent Buddhist, used the government to care for his people rather than gain wealth or power

21.  People liked Ashoka ◦ Good ruler, but weakened the government ◦ No strong ruler followed him ◦ Empire fell apart

22.  Very heavy taxes to pay for army and public works  Political centralization opens India to trade with China and Persia

23.  See Hinduism (caste system)

24.  Politically unified most of India  Spread Buddhism (which was founded in India) to other parts of the world (especially China) via missionaries  Provided free hospitals to citizens  Created veterinary clinics  Built good roads

25.  Ashoka dies  the Mauryan Empire fell apart ◦ No strong leader to take his place!  500 years of invasion and instability in India follow Ashoka’s death  After centuries of chaos, in 320 A.D.: Chandra Gupta ( not Chandragupta Maurya ) forms the GUPTA EMPIRE ◦ Second great classical empire in India Gupta Empire = in NORTHERN India

26. Located in NORTHERN INDIA Close to Himalayan Mountains and Indus and Ganges Rivers

27.  Hinduism ◦ We will see a return to Hinduism by most people during the Gupta Empire despite Ashoka popularizing Buddhism during the last part of the Mauryan Empire

28.  The Golden Age of India ◦ Gupta = Golden! Develop astronomy, advanced math (the numbers you use), calendar, banking system

29.  Indian culture flourished and expanded like never before under Gupta Empire  Contributions include: ◦ Math = concept of zero ◦ Medicine = set broken bones, nose surgery ◦ Astronomy = proved Earth round 1000 years before Columbus ◦ Textiles = silk and cloth ◦ Literature = poetry, plays, dances

30.  Gupta kings used marriage (and an army) to create an empire  Last strong king dies in 415 CE, empire starts to collapse  In the 500s CE, invaders “without settled homes” attack India

31.  Very rich empire (but only the kings got rich)  Invented banking  LOTS of trade