2. New Agriculture High Middle Ages – population increased New Technology
Carruca – iron plow
Horse collar
Horseshoes
Three-field system
High Middle Ages – population increased
Peace (no invasions)
Cut down trees and drained swamps
Food production increased

3. Manorial System or Feudalism
Manor – estate controlled by lord
Peasants – worked on land
Serfs – peasants bound to the land (they were not slaves!)
Life of peasants was very simple
Required to pay a tithe to local village church
Bread and water main diet
Wine beverage of upper class
Ale consumed by many
Religious feasts would be the only time the peasantry would eat meat and other foods

4. Revival of Trade Cities and towns revival Flanders and Champagne
Trade fairs were held in which people would exchange goods and ideas
Money economy – based on money
Commercial capitalism – invest in trade in order to make a profit
Banca – “bench”
1st bankers

5. Growth of Cities Revival of trade revived cities
Merchants flocked to these cities and built walls to protect them
Bourgeoisie – middle class in cities emerged
burg – “walled enclosure”
Given the right to govern themselves (kings and lords saw great wealth in these cities)
Elections were held but were rigged so that only patricians were elected.
Growth of Cities

7. European Cities in the Middle Ages
Because walls were built, land became expensive
Streets very narrow
Fires were a problem
Pollution (water, air, waste)
Public baths (Paris had 32)

8. Industry and Guilds
Craftspeople organized themselves in guilds (business associations)
Guilds controlled production of goods
Apprentice (make goods)
Journeyman (sold goods)
Master (developed goods)

9. Christianity and Medieval Civilization
Papal states – territory controlled by pope
Lords began appointing individuals as vassals in positions as clergymen
Giving them objects for their office (ring/staff)
These lords invested in these leaders for wealth
Known as lay investiture, the pope came to despise this practice
Concordat of Worms – Pope would select bishops as clergymen, not kings
Pope Gregory VII fought this practice by believing that God chose him to reform the Church.
Investiture Controversy – King Henry IV excommunicated for the lay investiture practice

10. Church Supremacy Other popes’ strengthened their positions
Interdict – forbid priests from giving the sacraments (Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people
Used to restore wrongdoings of a king
King Phillip Augustus tried to annul marriage to his wife. Under the interdiction, he had to take her back.

11. New Religious Orders Monasteries became popular
Many reformers felt Benedictine monastery lacked discipline
Cistercians – changed monastic life (strict law)
Ate simple diet
Only a single robe
These Cistercian monks spread the word across the countryside

12. Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith
Hildegard of Bingen
Known for her wisdom
Wrote songs
Succeeded in a time dominated by men
Franciscans – founded by Saint Francis of Assisi was born of a wealthy Italian merchant family
Dominicans – founded by Dominic de Guzman and wanted to defend the Church from heresy (denial of Church teachings)
Friars – bishops who traveled spreading the Catholic faith
Both believed in living in poverty to better serve God and spread His Word.

13. Inquisition Church to try people of heresy
Dominicans examined those accused of heresy
Confession would lead to being flogged by a whip
Many tortured for not confessing to heresy

15. Popular Religion in the High Middle Ages
Sacraments – baptism, marriage, Eucharist (Communion), rituals to receive God’s grace
Saints – those on earth who have achieved a special position in heaven
Nicholas, Mary, apostles,
Relics – bones or objects connected with saints worthy of worship (heal or produce miracles)
Pilgrimage to a holy shrine would produce spiritual benefits (Jerusalem, Rome, Canterbury)

16. Rise of Universities Educational guilds – universities
No written exams
Bologna, Oxford and Paris
No women
Lecture
Theology – Study of God
Doctor’s degree – 10 years

17. Scholasticism Tried to bring faith and reason together
To harmonize Christian teachings and works of Greek philosophers
Aristotle’s work upset Christian theologians
Saint Thomas Aquinas – tried to reconcile Aristotle’s teachings with the Bible
Summa Theologica – reason alone cannot grasp spiritual truths

18. Vernacular Literature
Language of everyday speech of a particular region
Latin was used during the Roman Empire
Latin was used by the Catholic Church
People relied on the Church for teachings of the Bible (many did not know Latin)
Troubadour poetry became entertaining for nobles and knights (poems for love of their ladies and inspires knights to be brave)
chanson de geste – heroic poem (Song of Roland)

19. Architecture Romanesque Gothic Roman style flying buttresses
Thinner walls

21. The Black Death

22. The Famine of
By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate.
A population crisis developed.
Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died.
One consequence of starvation & poverty was susceptibility to disease.

23. 1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!

24. Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

25. The Disease Cycle Human is infected!
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

26. Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!

27. Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death.

29. Attempts to Stop the Plague
“Leeching”
A Doctor’s Robe

30. Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins!

31. Attempts to Stop the Plague
Programs against the Jews
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
“Jew” hat

32. The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!

33. Decline of Church Power
The pope kidnapped by Philip IV after he rejected his right to tax the Church
The pope dies from shock of kidnapping
He appointed a French pope in Avignon
The people of Rome demanded a new pope be appointed after Gregory XI died
French cardinals declared election invalid and elected a new pope
The Great Schism – two popes of the Catholic Church declaring each other the anti-Christ
John Huss called for an end to the corruption of the clergy and excessive power of the papacy
He was burned at the stake but the power of the Catholic Church had lost much of their spiritual authority

34. Hundred Years War England still held French territory
France wanted it back
Led to long war
New weapons of war
Longbows
Canons
Joan of Arc
Heard voices from God
Led French into victory at Orleans
Inspired French with her faith
Burned at the stake

35. Political Recovery
The Hundred Years War left France and England in economic troubles
France created a taille – annual direct tax on land or property for income
England faced the War of Roses – civil war between the two royal houses of England (Henry Tudor established a new dynasty)

36. Spain Muslims remained in Spain
Ferdinand or Aragon and Isabella of Castille unite the country by getting married
They get rid of the Muslims in 1492
Christopher Columbus given charter to find all water route to India by sailing west

37. Central and Eastern Europe
Holy Roman Empire – present day Germany, could not unite its territories in becoming a strong nation
It remained divided into hundreds of states