1. Psyc 001 Week 6

2. Draw a Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump and explain how it works?
How many Na+ ions and K+ ions does it move across the membrane and in which direction?
3 Na+ ions out of the cell
2 K+ ions into the cell
What is the function of the Na+/K+-ATPase Pump?
Helps to maintain the Resting Membrane Potential of a cell.
Mechanism
The pump, while binding ATP, binds 3 intracellular Na+ ions.[1]
ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP.
A conformational change in the pump exposes the Na+ ions to the outside. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na+ ions, so they are released.
The pump binds 2 extracellular K+ ions. This causes the dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, transporting the K+ ions into the cell.
The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, so the two bound K+ ions are released. ATP binds, and the process starts again
Is the Sodium potassium pump considered and ion channel or ion transporter? Why?
It is considered a transporter because it requires energy in the form of ATP to move Na+ and K+ ions against their concentration gradient.

3. Na+/K+ ATPsase Pump,
Sodium Pump
Sodium Potassium Pump

4. What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Draw 2 presynaptic neurons and 1 postsynaptic neuron. Explain the interaction between excitatory and inhibitory synapses
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
GABA
Provide a general example of a drug effecting the GABAA receptors?
Barbiturates
Ethyl Alcohol
Benzodiazepines – antianxiety
What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate
Is Glutamate always an excitatory neurotransmitter? no

5. What is the primary neurotransmitter in motor neurons?
Acetylcholine
What are, or is the function of, some of the other areas that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter?
Eyes – Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
Cerebral Cortex – perceptual learning
Hippocampus! – leaning and memory
SIDE NOTE
Page 103 Case Study; interesting case describing botulinum poison
Which toxin and venom affect the release of ACh?
Botulinum Toxin
Black widow spider venom
Which one prevents the release of ACh and which one stimulates the release of ACh?
Botulinum Toxin – Prevents release
Black widow spider venom – Stimulates Release
Most neurotransmitter effects are terminated by reuptake, what is the reuptake mechanism for Acetylcholine?
There is no reuptake, acetylcholine is deactivated by and enzyme that is present in the postsynaptic membrane, acetylcholinesterase.

6. Nail Gun Accident What type of brain scan would you use?
You are an intern an one of the local hospitals and a construction worker comes in who apparently has had an accident with his nail gun. The doctor quite concerned asks you to take the man down and get a brain scan to see where exactly the nails are.
What type of brain scan would you use?
CT Scanner
What is a CT Scan exactly?
A device that uses a special x-ray machine and a computer to produce images of the brain that appear as slices taken parallel to the top of the scull
What is the other type of brain scan that could show you the structure of the brain but that you would NOT want to use in this case?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
What is an MRI Scan exactly?
A technique with a device that uses the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field to produce images of slices of the interior of the body

7. What type of brain scan would say he is having?
You walk into one of the local psychology labs to complete yet another hour of forced research for your intro psychology class and see a man hooked up to this strange apparatus.
What type of brain scan would say he is having?
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
What is an EEG exactly?
An electrical brain potential recorded by placing electrodes on the scalp.
When might this type of brain scan be used?
Visual experiments, epilepsy cases, sleep experiments, coma, tumors, stroke
What is another brain scan that is used in the diagnosis of epilepsy by detecting minute magnetic fields in the cerebral cortex?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

8. What is a PET scan exactly?
What are the two other brain scanning techniques that can be used to measure function in specific regions of the brain?
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
What is a PET scan exactly?
The use of a device that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living brain.
What is a fMRI scan exactly?
A modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain
If you were doing an experiment on the reward pathway and wanted to directly stimulate the area of the brain associated this pathway, basically mimicking reward, whenever a cat jumped through a hoop of fire what technique could you use?
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

9. What is the name of the lobe in Yellow?
What is the name of the lobe in blue?
Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Processing and perceiving vision
Reasoning, personality attention, motor
What is the name of the lobe in Green?
What is the name of the lobe in red?
Which Lobe is the most important lobe?
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Integrating sensory information, somatosensation, processing spatial information, temperature perception
Processing and perceiving sound, memory

10. What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?
The CNS, Central Nervous System is considered the brain and the spinal cord
While the PNS, Peripheral Nervous System is considered to be the nervous system peripheral to the brain and spinal cord; the cranial and spinal nerves
What are the Cranial Nerves?
A bundle of nerve fibers that transmit information between the central Nervous system and the body’s sense organs, muscles, and glands
Know head and Neck region eyes, ears, nose and tongue
What are the Spinal Nerves?
A bundle of nerve fibers attached to the spinal cord; conveys sensory information from the body and carries messages to muscles and glands.

11. What are the 3 major parts of the human brain?
Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebral hemispheres
What Does the Brain Stem Do?
- Control physiological functions and automatic behaviors
- Provides the main motor and sensory innervations to the face and neck via the cranial nerves
What are the parts of the Brain Stem?
Medulla Pons and Midbrain
What is the function of the Medulla?
Controls functions like heart rate and blood pressure
What is the function of the Pons?
Involved in the control of sleep
What is the function of the Midbrain?
Involved in the control of fighting and sexual behavior and in decreased sensitivity to pain during these behaviors

12. What structure is interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem?
Basal Ganglia
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
Involved in control of slow movements and movements of larger muscles
What 3 structures are included in the Limbic System?
Amygdala, Hippocampus! And limbic cortex
A behavior seen in all or most members of a species, nest building
What is the function of the Limbic System?
Important in emotional and species-typical behavior
What is the function of the Hippocampus!
Involved in learning and memory
What is the function of the Amygdala?
Emotion, emotional behavior, controls physiological reactions fight or flight