The Evolution of Nutrition From Cavemen to Consumers: How the Human Diet Has Evolved Created by Stephanie Smith This presentation is a basic overview.

The Evolution of Nutrition From Cavemen to Consumers: How the Human Diet Has Evolved Created by Stephanie Smith This presentation is a basic overview of evolutionary nutrition, although each component to this presentation could have been its own presentation. This is very much on the surface and the basic history will help me lead into the paleo diet.

Or both?!?

So, why did I choose this topic you ask?
Previous interest in Atkins Diet Vegetarian for four years Controversy Paleo diet became popular What are our bodies designed to eat? What is the perfect diet to make us live the longest?

Presentation Outline Basic Human Taxonomy Timeline of Dietary Shifts
Geological Ages vs brain, weight and teeth Impact of … Carnivory Fire Tools Agriculture

Presentation Outline continued…
The Modern Paleo Diet What is it? Benefits Gluten Lactose Vegetarians on Paleo Diet

Opening Questions First thing that comes to mind?
What is your opinion on the paleo diet?

Before we get started Basic Human Taxonomy
Hominid: Only humans and their closest relatives. Modern meaning now includes great apes and humans. Appearance of the first “true humans” was 2.5 million years ago. Paleolithic Period (“Old Stone Age”) Epipaleolithic Period (“Upper Paleolithic Age”) : includes late developments of hunter-gatherer traditions. Mesolithic Period: Stone Age between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. Transition toward agriculture. Neolithic Period (“New Stone Age”) Domestication I’m not a historian, nor am I an archeologist or an anthropologist or a biologist, but I am really interested in all of these topics. Especially how they relate to nutrition. Hominid: The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These various revisions have led to a varied use of the word "hominid" – the original meaning of Hominidae referred only to the modern meaning of Hominini, i.e. only humans and their closest relatives. The meaning of the taxon changed gradually, leading to the modern meaning of "hominid", which includes all great apes and humans. Homo habilis meaning handyman, first humans 2.5 million years ago The primatological term hominid is easily confused with a number of very similar words: A hominoid, commonly called an ape, is a member of the superfamily Hominoidea: extant members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes. A hominine is a member of the subfamily Homininae: gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans (excludes orangutans). A hominin is a member of the tribe Hominini: modern humans and their extinct relatives. A human is a member of the genus Homo, of which Homo sapiens is the only extant species, and within that Homo sapiens sapiens is the only surviving subspecies. Many scientists, including paleoanthropologists, continue to use the term hominid to mean humans and their direct and near-direct bipedalancestors. Paleolithic Period (“Old Stone Age”): lithos “stone” lower, middle and upper Epipaleolithic Period “Upper Paleolithic Age” : Include cultures that are late developments of hunter-gatherer traditions. Not yet in transition to agriculture. Mesolithic Period: Stone Age between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. Transition toward agriculture. The term developed as a catch-all to refer to material that did not fit into the other categories. Greek mesos “middle”. An archaeological concept used to refer to specific groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term developed as a catch-all to refer to material that did not fit into the other categories of prehistory and after the development of radiocarbon dating the arbitrary nature of its definition has become apparent. The times of these events vary greatly; moreover, the various Mesolithics within the span might be as short as roughly a thousand years or as long as roughly 15,000 years depending on the circumstances The Mesolithic (or "middle stone") period is traditionally that time period in the Old World between the last glaciation at the end of thePaleolithic (~12,000 years ago) and the beginning of the Neolithic (~7000 years ago), when farming communities began to be established. During the first three thousand years of what scholars recognize as the Mesolithic, a period of climatic instability made life very interesting in Europe, with gradual warming abruptly switching to 1200 years of very cold dry weather called the Younger Dryas. By 9000 BC, the climate had stabilized to close to what it is today. During the Mesolithic, humans learned to hunt in groups and to fish, and began to learn how to domesticate animals and plants. Neolithic Period (“New Stone Age”) The domestication of plants and animals usually distinguishes Neolithic culture from earlier Paleolithic or Mesolithic hunting, fishing, and food-gathering cultures. The Mesolithic period in several areas shows a gradual transition from a food-collecting to a food-producing culture.

Timeline of Dietary Shifts
2.5 million years ago were the first humans

Timeline of Dietary Shifts

Geological ages & brain size
Species Geological ages (mya) Brain Size (cm3) A. afarensis 438 A. africanus 452 A. boisei 521 A. robustus 530 Homo habilis 612 H. Erectus (early) 863 H. Erectus (late) 980 H. sapiens 1350

Geological ages & Body Weight
Species Geological ages (mya) Body Wt (kg) Female Body Wt (kg) Male A. afarensis 29 45 A. africanus 30 41 A. boisei 34 49 A. robustus 32 40 Homo habilis 37 H. Erectus (early) 54 66 H. Erectus (late) 55 60 H. sapiens 58

Geological ages & Post-canine surface area
Species Geological ages (mya) Pcsa (mm2) A. afarensis 460 A. africanus 516 A. boisei 756 A. robustus 588 Homo habilis 478 H. Erectus (early) 377 H. Erectus (late) 390 H. sapiens 334

Impact of Carnivory: More Energy, Less Food

Impact of Carnivory GI Tract: Humans have a smaller gut volume compared to body size Brain Development: human brain metabolism is 20-25% of the resting metabolic rate while it is only 8-10% in other primate species Food Supply Early Hominins 2.5 to 2 million years ago GI Tract: Large bodied primates have long colons for fermenting plant fibers to gain fatty acids; humans have short colons and instead of long small intestines, as well as a smaller gut volume compared to body size. These human features are in fact more like carnivore intestines. Brain Development: Humans have the highest relative brain size and highest quality diet compared to the 33 living and nonliving primate species. Also, human brain metabolism is 20-25% of the resting metabolic rate while it is only 8-10% in other primate species. This shows that a disproportionately large amount of energy is sacrificed for the human brain. Compared to other primates, humans have less muscle and more body fat. This allows more energy to feed the brain and less total energy cost to the rest of the body, such as with fat replacing energetically more expensive muscle. Human infants who are much fatter than the infants of other mammals, have highest body fat around months of age, which then declines, showing that most fat is present when the metabolism of the brain needs it most. These facts show that humans are adapted to a nutrionally rich, high energy, easily digested diet which support’s the cost of the brain’s energy. Food Supply: kcalorie dense and more variety

Carnivore vs Herbivore GI Tract
Simple stomach Short gut Little undigested food is egested Small or no cecum Complex gut Long gut Fermentation in stomach Large cecum Carnivore: *short and unspecialised gut as their diet is easy to digest compared to plant materials *simple stomach *little undigested food is egested as they do not consume much fibre *small caecum or no caecum Herbivore: *Since some parts of plant materials such as cellulose and cell wall thickenings are hard to digest and that cellulose does not provide enough energy unless microbes are present, the digestive tract of herbivores are adapted, so that food may be digested properly Digestive Tracts are long because... *They provide adequate space to hold and store large amount of food which must be eaten *Allow maximum opportunity for microbial fermentation to occur * Allow time for the absorption of nutrients Digestive tracts are complex because… * The high-fibre diets they eat are difficult to digest Microbial fermentation: the breakdown of food which involves the action of bacteria Fore-gut fermentation: microbial fermentation which occurs in the stomach. This causes cellulose to digest before the food reaches the intestines Hindgut fermentation: microbial fermentation which occurs in the caecum. Cellulose is digested in this organ which is located at the end of the small intestine. cecum, also spelled caecum , pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of thelarge intestine. It is separated from the ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) by the ileocecal valve (also called Bauhin valve), which limits the rate of food passage into the cecum and may help prevent material from returning to the small intestine. The main functions of the cecum are to absorb fluids and salts that remain after completion of intestinal digestion and absorption and to mix its contents with a lubricating substance, mucus. The internal wall of the cecum is composed of a thick mucous membrane through which water and salts are absorbed. Beneath this lining is a deep layer of muscle tissue that produces churning and kneading motions.

Non Carnivorous Claims
Carnivores have but humans do not have… Sharp, pointed Teeth and claws for tearing into flesh of prey A jaw that moves mostly up and down, with little lateral movement A head shape that allows for the digging into prey animals Ability to swallow food whole Starch digesting enzymes Flawed comparisons that pit humans against "true" carnivores. The claims are made that the human body lacks the features of certain carnivores, hence we should not eat meat, as it is not "natural." The differences are as follows; carnivores have, but humans do not have: Sharp, pointed teeth and claws for tearing into the flesh of the prey. A jaw that moves mostly up and down, with little lateral (side-to-side) movement; i.e., the jaw has a shearing motion. A head shape that allows the carnivore to dig into prey animals. Additionally, carnivores are different from humans (and herbivores) in that carnivores usually swallow their food whole (humans chew their food). Also, carnivores generally do not have starch-digesting enzymes in their saliva, whereas humans do

Meant to be Omnivores Feeding Behavior: hunting and gathering
Adaptive Behavior: tools No fermenting vats like herbivores Short canines and molars GI tract: intermediate between carnivores and herbivores Logical problems of the comparative proofs The above physical comparisons are accurate--clearly, humans do not have the jaws, teeth, or claws of a lion. However, to use this information to conclude that humans "cannot" eat meat, or "must have" the same physical traits as other predators to do so, or did not adapt to meat in the diet, is logically invalid and bogus. A short list of errors in reaching the above conclusion is as follows: Focusing on purely carnivorous adaptations rather than omnivorous ones. One clarification should be made immediately: This paper does not suggest that humans are true carnivores adapted for a nearly pure-meat diet. Although it may be that humans might be able to do well on such a diet (e.g., the traditional diet of the Inuit), the focus of this paper is to investigate whether meat can be considered a natural part of the human diet--certainly the paleoanthropological evidence supports that view. Thus the focus here is not on the bogus issue "are humans pure carnivores?" but on "are humans faunivores/omnivores?" Invalid black-and-white views. The conclusion above (that meat "cannot" be a natural part of the human diet) is based on a simplistic (incomplete/invalid) view of adaptation. That is, the conclusion is based on the implicit assumption that the specific physical adaptations of the lion, tiger, etc., are the ONLY adaptations that can serve their intended function, i.e., meat-eating. Inasmuch as meat is a small but significant part of the diet of chimps, however--who also lack the carnivore adaptations (sharp teeth, claws, etc.)--we observe that the assumption is obviously false. Various oversimplistic assumptions. The analysis is simplistic and makes many of the mistakes listed in the preceding section--i.e., it assumes the form/function linkage is strict, fails to recognize that the same form can serve multiple functions, etc. Overlooked differences in adaptive behavior. The analysis ignores critical differences in feeding behavior, i.e., the ones relating to the hunting/feeding behavior of omnivorous primates (e.g., the chimp) in the wild, which is well-known to be different from that of lions and tigers. Also, adaptive behavior (enhanced via human intelligence and technology--tools) allows humans to easily overcome many of the physical limitations of our physical form and morphology. Impact of tool use and language on morphology disregarded. The analysis ignores the impact that human intelligence has had on morphology, specifically the evolutionary effect of technology (stone tools and cooking), as well as possible morphological changes to support language--yet another unique human feature. Obvious explanations rationalized away as "illegitimate." A simple, summary answer to the question of how humans can hunt animals and eat meat without the physical adaptations of the lion and tiger is the obvious one implicitly ignored and rationalized by the advocates of simplistic comparative "proofs": We don't need sharp teeth, powerful jaws, or claws to capture and butcher animals because we have used (since our inception as a genus ~2.5 million years ago) tools (or technology--stone weapons) for that purpose. Over the eons, evolution itself has adapted our physiologies to the results of this behavior along unique lines, quite regardless of the hue and cry over the "illegitimacy" with which these behaviors/skills are regarded by those extremists promoting the bizarre idea that human dietary behavior should be strictly limited to what we could do "naked, without tools.” Archeological Record As far back as it can be traced, clearly the archeological record indicates an omnivorous diet for humans that included meat. Our ancestry is among the hunter/gatherers from the beginning. Once domestication of food sources began, it included both animals and plants. Cell Types Relative number and distribution of cell types, as well as structural specializations, are more important than overall length of the intestine to determining a typical diet. Dogs are typical carnivores, but their intestinal characteristics have more in common with omnivores. Wolves eat quite a lot of plant material. Fermenting Vats Nearly all plant eaters have fermenting vats (enlarged chambers where foods sits and microbes attack it). Ruminants like cattle and deer have forward sacs derived from remodeled esophagus and stomach. Horses, rhinos, and colobine monkeys have posterior, hindgut sacs. Humans have no such specializations. Jaws Although evidence on the structure and function of human hands and jaws, behavior, and evolutionary history also either support an omnivorous diet or fail to support strict vegetarianism, the best evidence comes from our teeth. The short canines in humans are a functional consequence of the enlarged cranium and associated reduction of the size of the jaws. In primates, canines function as both defense weapons and visual threat devices. Interestingly, the primates with the largest canines (gorillas and gelada baboons) both have basically vegetarian diets. In archeological sites, broken human molars are most often confused with broken premolars and molars of pigs, a classic omnivore. On the other hand, some herbivores have well-developed incisors that are often mistaken for those of human teeth when found in archeological excavations. Salivary Glands These indicate we could be omnivores. Saliva and urine data vary, depending on diet, not taxonomic group. Intestines Intestinal absorption is a surface area, not linear problem. Dogs (which are carnivores) have intestinal specializations more characteristic of omnivores than carnivores such as cats. The relative number of crypts and cell types is a better indication of diet than simple length. We are intermediate between the two groups.

How Cooking Made Us Humans
Impact of Fire: How Cooking Made Us Humans

The Rise of Homo Sapiens
Impact of Fire Why was it necessary? Increases efficiency What was its outcome? Dentition: smaller molars Easier on GI Tract Increased Food Supply The Rise of Homo Sapiens 140, ,000 BC Increases efficiency: small mouth, teeth and guts fit well with the softness, high caloric density, low fiber content, and high digestibility of cooked foods. Increases absorption of some foods. The reduction increases efficiency and saves us from wasting unnecessary metabolic costs on features whose only purpose would be to allow us to digest large amounts of high-fiber food. Dentition: “The only body parts requiring regular surgery are the teeth, it is extraordinary that the normal development of human teeth routinely fails to produce ‘ideal’ dentition” – and no one has yet been able to offer an explanation for this phenomenon. Human dentition began to go haywire soon after our early Homo ancestors learnt to chop and process food with simple tools and to cook it. These processes greatly decreased the size and toughness of food. Molars can be between 56-82% smaller when eating cooked potatoes rather than raw ones. Food supply

Impact of Advanced Tools:
The Beginnings of Hunting and Food Processing

Impact of Advanced Tools
Road to agriculture Bow-and-arrow Mortars and pestles Domestication before cultivation What was its outcome? Added more variety More meat Grains Increased Food Supply ”Mesolithic” Period 20,000BC to 9,000 BC Simple stone tools may have existed even before this time (2.5 mya) Road to agriculture: bow and arrow appeared, animals were hunted (gazelle, deer, antelope, etc), Wild grains including wheat and barley (17,000BC) before their domestication, were being gathered and ground into flour as evidenced by the use of mortars and pestles Diet: Increased meat and grain consumption I

Hunter-gatherers

Impact of Agriculture:
The Domestication of Wild Grains

Agricultural Revolution/
Impact of Agriculture Transition from hunter - gatherers to the domestication of crops and game Popularity of Pastoralism: the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. Agricultural Revolution/ ”Neolithic Age” 10,000 BC Humans began to grow their own crops Although it may be seen as the main downfall of man kind, it offered stability. Domestication of crops and game: As game became scarce, some hunter-gatherers got closer to wild herds and then began to integrate them into their wanderings, so that some of the wild goats, sheep, and cattle became domestic

Possible outcomes of Agriculture
Led to health conditions including: heart disease, high cholesterol, cancers, osteoporosis, obesity, depressed immune system, premature aging, and diabetes. Micronutrient deficiencies: Grains can act as bulky fillers with less vitamins, minerals, carotenes, and flavonoids than fruits and vegetables. Reduced quality of life: reduction of stature, increase in infant deaths, reduction in life span, increase in infectious diseases, increase in anemia, diseased bones, and tooth decay.

Mid Presentation Activity
Let’s Get The Blood Flowing TAKE 5-7 minutes -Each of you look through these books/articles and find at least one interesting fact about the evolution of the human diet. -It can pertain to anything we talked about so far. -I want each of you to share you interesting fact with the class. SWITCH GEARS, should be half way done

The Modern Paleo Diet Going Back to Basics

The Modern Paleo Diet: Components
The breakdown: Roughly, 35% fat, 40% carbohydrate, 25% protein. Staple foods: Wild and free-range meats, vegetables, fruits, nuts, nut-like seeds, some tubers, such as sweet potatoes Not allowed: grains, grain-like seeds, legumes, soy, starchy tubers, dairy, alcohol, most sugars (here’s the tricky part): All grains, including wheat, rice, barley, oats, rye, and corn; grain-like seeds, including quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat; all legumes, including beans, chickpeas, lentils, peas, and soy; starchy tubers such as potatoes; dairy, alcohol, most sugars except in fruit.

Benefits of The Paleo Diet

The Modern Paleo Diet: Benefits
It’s unprocessed It reduces bloating It’s high in fruits and vegetables It’s high in healthy fats Its filling 1. It's unprocessed. Simply put, cavewoman didn't have to worry about eating organic because everything was organic and natural without preservatives and artificial ingredients. Following the Paleo Diet helps you to eat a clean diet. 2. It reduces bloat. Want flatter abs? Reduce bloat by getting more fiber, drinking water and avoiding salt. All principles of the Paleo Diet! 3. It's high in fruits and vegetables. Besides protein, the majority of the Paleo Diet eating plan is made up of a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Getting five a day in is no problem! 4. It's high in healthy fats. The Paleo Diet is high in omega-3 rich fish and nuts. These protein sources are full ofhealthy fats! 5. It's filling. This nutrient-rich diet plan is also quite filling. Between the proteins, the healthy fats and the fruits and veggies, it's hard to go hungry.

The Modern Paleo Diet: Gluten
Wheat is new food for us (0.4%) Our ingenuity is ahead of our biology Wheat is actually a new food for us: it was only widely introduced into the human diet roughly ten thousand years ago, which is a very small percentage (0.4%) of the 2.5 million years our species has walked the planet. So what were we eating that other 99.6% of our life as a species? We ate things that are edible raw, without the need for processing or refinement (which wheat is not). Our ability to process grains to an edible form was a technological development that did not occur until a relatively recent chapter in our history. In a sense, then, our ingenuity is ahead of our biology. As Dr. Sanders says, “... it makes sense that our bodies are still adapting to this food, and more specifically, the gluten it contains.” After millions of years of what is essentially gluten-free dieting, our bodies might be ill-equipped to process gluten, as it is still a relatively foreign substance.

The Modern Paleo Diet: Lactose
Humans started becoming tolerant 6,000-8,000 years ago in dairying cultures Has a high “selection differential”: Those who couldn’t drink milk, were more likely to die before they could reproduce. Approx. 2/3 of of adults are lactose intolerant today Evolutionary biologists are still puzzled today Since most of you already know about the digestion of lactose, I won’t go too far into it. Instead I will touch on its digestive evolution. Darwinian euphemism. Life or death selection differential seems necessary to explain the speed with which the mutation swept across Eurasia and even faster in Africa.

The Modern Paleo Diet: Vegetarians
Tough for vegetarians No grains No major sources of protein Impossible  Paleo Options as a Vegetarian: Eat lots of eggs (6 grams/day, need a dozen to meet needs) Hemp seeds and grain-like seeds Soaked/sprouted beans and legumes Antinutrients But let’s not forget that by the same argument, males are “built” to impregnate as many women as possible. That’s what would maximize the chances of having ones genes propagate, and probably still would today. But most of us don’t do that anymore, because as a species we’re beyond that. And that’s how I feel about eating animals. Even if it’s what we’re built to do because eating them helped us survive and thrive in the past, it’s something most of us are now capable of making a choice not to do, thanks to our advancement as a civilization. But…do you see the problem? If you don’t see why the Paleo diet is tough for vegetarians, either (a) you’re skimming this post while you eat a quinoa salad with tofu and black beans, or (b) your version of a vegetarian/vegan diet is severely lacking in protein. 1. First, note that grains are out. Tough, since they’re a big part of most vegetarians’ diets, especially runners’. But that’s not the worst part. 2. The hardest thing about this is that every major vegan protein source is off limits in a strict Paleo diet. Anything soy, every kind of bean except string beans, and quinoa are all Paleo no-no’s. Your Paleo options as a vegetarian It appears impossible to strictly follow the Paleo diet as a vegetarian. And to be honest, it probably is. Since we don’t eat meat, and the diet is based on eating meat—it should account for up to 55% of one’s calories, according to The Paleo Diet for Athletes—anything we do as vegetarians is going to be a bastardization. But then again, aren’t all modern Paleo diets pretty poor substitutes for the real thing? The fruits, vegetables, and tubers we find in modern grocery stores, even farmers markets, probably do not resemble the fibrous ones Paleolithic humans were eating. And while a dedicated Paleo-dieter might be able to eat truly wild meats a high percentage of the time, it’s likely that the vast majority of modern Paleos either can’t access or can’t afford such authenticity, and must resort to the factory-farmed meat they find at the grocery store. My point: Any modern Paleo diet is merely an approximation to the real thing. So as vegetarians, we can (and must) approximate too. Here’s how I suggest going about it. Vegetarian Paleo Diet Option #1: Eat lots of eggs Obviously, this option is not for vegans. And it’s not exactly Paleo, since the versions I’ve seen usually recommend eggs in moderation, say, up to six per week. But theoretically, one could eat lots of eggs and meet the protein requirements of the Paleo diet without eating any unauthorized foods. One egg has about six grams of protein, so if they’re going to be your primary source (lets say they’ll provide 50% of your protein), you could be eating a dozen eggs a day. Possible, but you’d better like eggs. Vegetarian Paleo Diet Option #2: Allow hemp seed and grain-like seeds The argument against grain-like seeds like quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat is that they behave more like grains than like nuts. While seeds like sunflower seeds contain mostly fat and protein with just a small amount of carbohydrates, these grain-like seeds contain mostly carbohydrate. But carbohydrate isn’t the only problem. Grain-like seeds have other negative properties of grains: Quinoa, for example, “includes chemical defense systems that irritate the gut,” according to an excerpt from Robb Wolf’s The Paleo Solution. Option #2 is to allow these grain-like seeds in your diet to help you meet the Paleo diets protein requirements. The bonus prize behind Door #2 is that quinoa can be used in cooking like rice, or even made into “pasta,” so you’ll gain some variety in your meals over those based on strict Paleo fare. But let’s not forget about our old friend hemp. I’ve been unable to get a definitive answer to whether or not hempseed is considered “grain-like.” In terms of macronutrient content, it’s more like a nut: high in protein and good fats, very low in carbohydrates. If it’s allowed, the inclusion of whole hempseeds and minimally processed hemp protein powder could provide enough protein to make the other deviations from the strict Paleo diet unnecessary. Vegetarian Paleo Diet Option #3: Allow soaked or sprouted beans and legumes To me, this seems like the easiest option, and perhaps the best. “Easiest” in that it wouldn’t represent a major change from the way many of us already eat, minus the grains. “Best” in that allowing beans and legumes would provide us with about a dozen obvious sources of protein. Though pre-agricultural man didn’t eat beans (at all?), that’s not the major issue most Paleos have with them. Instead, it’s the “antinutrients” in beans and other legumes, the enzyme inhibitors which make them inedible in their raw state and which may interfere with digestion even after cooking. We can reduce the amounts of these antinutrients by soaking and sprouting legumes. According to Tim Ferriss, who claims to eat a lot of lentils on his version of a Paleo diet, “Soaking for 24 hours at room temperature has been shown to remove 66% of the trypsin (protease) inhibitor activity in mung bean, 93% in lentil, 59% in chickpea, and 100% in broad bean.” Soaked beans should of course be well-cooked in order to make them non-toxic. **Antinutrients are natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the absorption of nutrients **Protease inhibitors are substances that inhibit the actions of trypsin, pepsin and other proteases in the gut, preventing the digestion and subsequent absorption of protein. Sprouting goes a step farther in reducing the amounts of enzyme inhibitors, in addition to converting some of the starches into sugars, and proteins into amino acids. Though some sprouts can be eaten raw, cooking them will eliminate more of the antinutrients. For more on sprouting and related health issues (such as not eating toxic soybean and kidney bean sprouts), see a post from GrowYouthful.com. All of this assumes, of course, that you’re starting with dried beans. The pre-cooked, canned versions won’t do here.

IS THIS REALISTIC IN TODAY’S SOCIETY?
Take Home Message IS THIS REALISTIC IN TODAY’S SOCIETY?

A Dietitian’s View on THE Paleo DIET
PALEO VIDEO

Why is this important for us to know?
Must know the past before the present It is okay to each grains, beans and dairy Although this diet is healthy, moderation is still key to any/all diets Why is this relevant to an RD? This is the basis of nutrition today, before we teach about nutrition and the GI tract today, we should first learn where it all started and what our GI tract used to be. Also, our GI tracts have evolved

References that I used:
Allen, J. (2012). The Omnivorous Mind: Our Evolving Relationship with Food. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Bond, G. (2007). Deadly Harvest: The Intimate Relationship between Our Health and Our Food. Square One: Garden City Park. Cordain, L. (2010). Cereal Grains: Humanity's Double-Edged Sword. World Rev Nutr Diet , 84, Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B. A., et al. (2005). Origins and evolution of the western diet: health implications for the 21at century. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , Dunn, R. (2011). The Wild Life of Our Bodies: Predators, Parasites, and Partners That Shape Who We Are Today. NewYork: HarperCollins. Eisenstein, M. (2010). The First Supper: Diet-directed evolution shaped our brains, but whether it was meat or tubers, or their preparation, that spurred our divergence from other primates remains a matter of hot debate. Nature , S8-S9.

Goodman, A. H., Dufour, D. L., & Pelto, G. H. (2000). Nutritional Anthropology: Biocultural Perspectives on Food and Nutrition. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company. Harris, M., & Ross, E. B. (1987). Food and Evolution: Toward a Theory of Human Food Habits. Temple University Press: Philadelphia. Leonard, R., Snodgrass, J. J., & Robertson, M. L. (2007). Effects of Brain Evolution on Human Nutrition and Metabolism. The Annual Review of Nutrition , Manning, R. (2004). Against the Grain: How Agriculture Has Hijacked Civilization. Union Square West: North Point Press. Phelan, B. (2012 йил 23-October). The Mysterious, Mutant, Civilizing Power of Milk. Retrieved 2013 from Slate.com: _of_lactose_tolerance.html

Pickrell, J. ( February). Human 'dental chaos' linked to evolution of cooking. Retrieved 2013 from New Scientist: dental-chaos-linked-to-evolution-of-cooking.html Pollan, M. (2002). The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World. New York: Random House. Ragir, S. (2000). Diet and Food Preparation: Rethinking Early Hominid Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology , Ungar, P. S., & Sponheimer, M. (2011). The Diets of Early Hominins. Science , Wolf, R., & Cordain, L. (2010). The Paleo Solution: The Original Human Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt Publishing. Wood, B. (2005). Human Evolution: A Brief Insight. New York: Sterling. Wrangham, R. (2009). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books.

Thank You for Your Time and Attention!
Any Questions?

The Evolution of Nutrition From Cavemen to Consumers: How the Human Diet Has Evolved Created by Stephanie Smith This presentation is a basic overview.

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The Evolution of Nutrition From Cavemen to Consumers: How the Human Diet Has Evolved Created by Stephanie Smith This presentation is a basic overview.

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