1. Chapter 15

2.  Green Rolling meadows  Peaceful Rivers  Neat Farms  Lowlands:  Fertile-able to produce abundant goods  Most productive Farms  Wheat, vegetables  Cool Moist Weather  Raising Sheep, Dairy and Beef Cattle Midlands: Factory Towns Coal Mines Heavy Industry High Population Density Highlands: England’s West Coast Difficult to Farm

3. Highlands of England Lowlands of England Midlands of England

4.  London’s Relative Location:  English Channel drops off sharply, forming steep cliffs that plunge straight down into the water  London is located on the Thames River  Ships sail directly into the port of London  Remains on the edge of European Trade  Exploration across the Atlantic allowed better locations than other European Countries.

5.  Farm goods were shipped early on, but later United Kingdom became more industrialized because of the Industrial Revolution.  Built Factories to produce manufactured goods.  “Workshop of the World”  The Rise of Heavy Industry:  Water power ran the machines  Coal mines  Produce ore - rocky material containing a valuable mineral, used in making steel.  Industrial Revolution brought wealth to Britain Challenges to British Industry World’s industrial leader for years b/c of its location and raw material supply Recently faced hard times Is Challenged by other counties Ran out of some of its raw materials Help ease the problems the gov. encourages Tertiary Economic Activities - service industries such as finance, insurance, and tourism

6.  Landscape and Rugged  Southern Uplands:  Sheep Raising Region  Wool  Medieval Abbeys and landscapes make it a tourist attraction  Central Lowlands:  75% of pop live in this area  Huge Ship Building Center  Highlands:  High Plateau w/ many lakes  Mountains  Moors- broad, treeless rolling plains  Bogs- areas of wet spongy ground  Fishing and Sheep Herding  Tweed -Scottish Home Industry

7.  Largely a coal mining nation  New Industries:  Oil, Computer, and Electronic Businesses  Kept political and trading rights  Remain largely Presbyterian  New Scottish Parliament  Some even want independence Wales Culture Independent Attitude Own Capitol Own Postage Stamp, flag, language But Still influenced by England Economic Activities England’s Biggest Coal Producers Fallen behind in Technology Coal Mines Closed New jobs in High Tech Industries Promote Tourism

8.  Physical Characteristics:  Moist Marine West Coast Climate  Brilliant Green Most of the Year  “Emerald Isle”  Covered by Peat - spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants  Farmers cut and dry peat to use for fuel and heating  Peat is used in Power plants  Supplies 25% of the nation’s electricity

9.  Celtic tribes were 1 st in Ireland  Spoke Gaelic  History is shaped by invasion and wars from the Vikings, Norman invaders. Religious Conflicts:  In the 1500’s Churches started to reform the church called Reformation.  Reformers were called Protestants and formed new Christian Churches. (Lutherans, Methodist, Baptist)  England formed a new church named the Church of England (protestant)  Ireland remained Catholic  Protestant English were rich and powerful and the Irish Poor.  Cultural Divergence- deliberate efforts to keep cultures separate

10.  Potato Famine  Blight - or plant disease  Irish relied on potatoes.  One Million died of starvation or disease  Blight pushed millions from island to the United States in search of jobs and a new life Economic Activities  Government invested in: Education and Telecommunications  Offered tax incentives to foreign high tech companies  lured emigrant back to Ireland  1999 became part of the EU  Inflation rose and housing cost skyrocketed

11. Government and Citizenship  Many Irish wanted independence and Ireland was divided into two parts one becoming the Republic of Ireland in 1949.  Today ½ of Ireland is Catholic while the other ½ is Protestant  Protestants want to remain independence, while Catholics want reunification.  Protestant and Catholic extremist use:  Violence  Bombings  Hunger Strikes  Gun Battles

12.  Varied Landscape  Denmark is Flat  Norway is mountainous  Environmental Change  Environment is part of the last ice age.  Glaciers carved out lakes  Top soil removed  Difficult to farm  Rocky  Fjords - flooded glacier valleys  Natural Resources  Iceland the Land of “Fire and Ice”, volcanoes and glaciers exists side by side.  Geothermal Energy- Energy produced from heat of the Earth’s interior Long Winters, Short Summers Sun may shine only 2/3 hrs in the midwinter and more than 20 hrs in Midsummer Start of summer is a public holiday, when they celebrate the return of the midnight sun Northern Lights- winter is when greenish, white and red lights of the aurora borealis shine in the Nordic Nations The Ocean Climate Mild Marine West Coast Climate Mountain Range prevents the warm air from reaching the Scandinavian peninsula where it is cold, dry and subarctic.

13.  Understanding the Past  Vikings left the fjords. They were warriors, traders, colonizers, and explorers.  Nordic People belong to the Lutheran Church established during the Reformation.  Nordic School require students to learn:  English, which helps bridge gap in linguistic differences  Economic Systems  All 5 nations are democracies  Mixed Economies- systems combining different degrees of government regulation (Mixture of Free Enterprise and Socialism)  Nordic Gov. guarantees certain goods and services.  Denmark and Sweden have a state-run daycare and state supported medical care.  Politically neutral in foreign affairs  Excellent Harbors for military  Forbids storage of nuclear weapons

14.  The Nordic Nations have a variety of wealth and sources.  Denmark and Sweden are great for agriculture.  Denmark produces 3 times the amount of food needed to feed its people.  Fishing is also important.  Norwegians call the water the “Blue Meadow” comparing it to Denmark’s farmland.  The region also provides oil and gas production, ore and vast forests.

15. Northern Lights (Clockwise: Sweden, Finland, Iceland)