1. Bell ringer
What feeling did Napoleon spread through his conquests of Europe?
Nationalism- or pride and devotion in one’s nation
What two things did the Congress of Vienna do to rebalance power in Europe after Napoleon?
-redrew the map of Europe
-legitimacy
Where did the Russians get their Orthodox Christianity from?
Cultural Diffusion from the Byzantine Empire

2. Bell ringer
What are the Progroms? What other event can they be compared to?
Attacks on Jews in Russia during Russification.
The Holocaust
Define Autocracy
All power held by one person
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
A harsh legal law code in Babylon. Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth

3. French Rev Test
Correct your test based on the answers below. The most missed question was number 1!
1. D
7. B
13. D
19. C
2. D
8. A
14. D
20. C
3. A
9. D
15. B
4. B
10. D
16. C
5. D
11. D
17. C
6. D
12. B/D
18. D

4. What challenge does Diversity pose to Nationalism?

5. Review
After the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte was given power in France, and quickly conquered most of Europe. Upon his defeat, the Congress of Vienna balanced power in Europe by redrawing the boundary lines
However, Napoleon’s invasions had sparked Nationalism throughout Europe, leading to a number of unification and independence movements.
-Italy
-Russia
-Germany

6. Italian Unification

7. Italy
Italy had not been united since Roman times. In the 1800s it was split between several nations including Austria, France and Sardinia.
Most Italians lacked a national identity, but felt regional pride: Florence- Tuscans Venice- Venetians
Naples- Neapolitans
Similar to northerners, southerners, etc. in the USA

8. Nationalism grows
Nationalism grows as a result of Napoleon’s invasions and the Congress of Vienna.
Nationalists want to unit Italy because of its geography, common language and common traditions.
Others view unity as a practical economic move, eliminating trade barriers between the regions and creating a single trade system.

9. Unity
Camillo Cavour worked with the French to gain support in overthrowing Austrian rule in Northern Italy.
Shortly after, Giuseppe Garibaldi created a force of 1,000 loyal volunteers to free southern Italy. Garibaldi and his men were known as the Red Shirts and became a symbol of pride for the Italians.

10. Review

11. Review

12. Russian Reform

13. 19th Century Russia
Russia in the 1800’s was the largest, most populous nation in the world.
Russia had grown over the years and included a partially European, partially Asian population

14. Russia
Russia was untouched by the Enlightenment and world revolutions.
Russia was economically underdeveloped. The Czars resisted industrialization fearing it would weaken his absolute power.
There was an outdated social system based on Serfdom. Landowning nobles owned serfs who were bound to the land and subject to the master’s will.
Serfdom and Feudalism are similar. Peasants work the land owned by nobles and are bound to it. Both live self-sufficient life styles, meaning they take care of themselves.

15. Czar Alexander I ( )
Open to Liberal ideas at the beginning of his reign:
1) Eased censorship of the press
2) Promoted education
3) Proposed freeing the serfs
By the time of Napoleon's invasion in 1812 Alexander had backed off reforms fearing he was losing power.
During the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Alexander supported the conservative agenda.

16. Czar Nicholas I ( )
Shortly after taking the throne the Decembrist Revolts started.
Army officers exposed to French Revolution ideals during Napoleon’s invasion led rioters demanding reforms and a constitution
Nicholas refuses

17. Nicholas cracks down
Czar Nicholas I cracked down after the Decembrist Revolts:
Banned books with liberal leanings
Only approved books used in schools and universities
Liberal and revolutionaries were exiled to Siberia
Over 150,000 Russians are exiled to Siberia

18. New Slogan Orthodoxy Autocracy Nationalism
Russian Orthodox church and the Russian Government
Absolute power of the Czar
Respect Russian traditions and suppress others.
Nicholas used a slogan of Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism to express his plans for Russia
He brutally dealt with anyone who dissented (disagreed)

19. Czar Alexander II ( )
His father told him, “I am handing you command of the country in a poor state”
Alexander II came to power during the Crimean War. The war highlighted how far behind Russia was compared to the rest of Europe. With few rail lines, little industry and an outdated serf system, Russia was in need of reform.
Crushing defeat in the Crimean War sparked revolts and calls for reform
In 1861 Alexander emancipated the serfs (freed)

20. Reforms Emancipated the Serfs
-the problem: The serfs were poor and couldn’t afford to buy enough land from their previous masters. Many left for the cities. Zemstvos -elected assemblies responsible for handling local issues such as road repair, schools and agriculture.
Trial by Jury
-created new laws including trial by jury for all Russians.
The Reforms failed to appease the masses. They wanted a Liberal Constitutional government.

21. People’s Will
Radical groups demanded further reform. One group, People’s Will, plotted to kill the Czar.
They had many failed attempts but in March 1881 they successfully killed the czar by bombing his carriage.

22. Czar Alexander III ( )
Angry about his father’s murder, Alexander III ruthlessly cracked down on dissent (disagreements): Strict censorship, increased secret police activity and increased exiles of critics to Siberia.
Launched Russification aimed against the other cultures in the Empire.
Russian declared official language
Russian Orthodox Church the official Church
All others were savagely persecuted.
What does this author think about Czar Alexander III? How do you know?

23. Pogroms
Russification allowed for the persecution of different religious and cultural groups. The Jews became a large target:
-forced to live in specified areas
-only limited numbers could be doctors, lawyers, etc.
Violent persecution of the Jews was encouraged. Gangs beat and killed Jews. Looted and burned their homes.
Thousands fled Russia and became refugees- a person who flees their homeland to seek safety elsewhere.

24. Industrial Developments
Despite his poor social policies, Alexander III did help modernize Russia. With loans from France, the Russians built the Trans-Siberian Railway. And more factories came into existence.
Benefits- Economic growth and increased trade.
Cons- Industrialization brought the same troubles: low wages, long hours, safety concerns and poor living conditions

25. Trans-Siberian Railway

26. Bloody Sunday: Czar Nicholas II (1896-1917)
Nicholas II came to the throne with discontent throughout the nation, but he was determined to continue Russian autocracy.
Bloody Sunday:
Father Gapon organized workers into a peaceful march to the Winter Palace of Nicholas II. They sang hymns and carried pictures of the Czar.
Despite the peaceful demonstration the Czar fled the palace and left soldiers to guard it. When the marchers arrived before the palace the soldiers opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds.

27. Future of Russia Discontent continues to grow
By the start of WWI in 1914 Russia is headed for a Revolution (change)
Czar Nicholas II will be the last Czar of Russia
A new government will be instituted after a Russian Civil War

28. Review
During the Age of Absolutism (1600s and 1700s), European monarchies sought to
Increase human rights for their citizens
Centralize political power in their nations
Develop better relations with Muslim rulers
Encourage the growth of cooperative farms

29. Review
Russia in the 1700s and Japan in the 1800s were similar in that both countries
1)Began the process of modernization after a long period of isolation
2)Developed democratic governments after years under absolute monarchies
3)Refused to accept western technological ideas
4)Adopted socialist economic systems after capitalism had failed.

30. Review
A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments.
1. are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them
2. refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced technology
3. attempt to bring about the separation of government from religion
4. fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

31. The German Nation

32. Nationalism
Pride and devotion to ones nation. Usually between people who share a common history, language and culture.
German nationalism is sparked by Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasions and by the Congress of Vienna.

33. Congress of Vienna
Metternich opposed a unified Germany because it would have unseated a number of German kings. Instead a weak German Confederation was created, and headed by Austria.
A confederation is a political unit where the individual states have more power than the overall government.
Is the US a confederation? Why or why not?
No, because the Federal government trumps the individual states’ powers.

34. What do you notice about the German Confederation?

35. What do you think of when you hear “Blood and iron”?
Austria and Prussia are the most powerful states
Prussia’s king, William I, appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Chancellor
Bismarck adopts a “Blood and Iron” strategy to promote support. He declares he will use force where necessary to unite the German people and ensure Prussian dominance.
What do you think of when you hear “Blood and iron”?

36. Bismarck is “the man”
Bismarck will forge Germany into a unified nation. He believed in real politik
Real politik- realistic politics based on a thorough evaluation of the needs of the state.
Bismarck’s first move is to create a strong Prussian Army.

38. “The ends justify the means”, originally came from Machiavelli
For Bismarck, the end justifies the means. When he was denied funding by the legislature, he simply took money that was set aside for other purposes.
End: A well armed and trained Prussian Army
Means: taking money set aside for other items to create an army

39. Bismarck’s army
Bismarck plans to use his army to increase Prussian power and influence. His Army will fight three wars over the next decade ( ). Each battle increases German Unity under a Prussian ruler.
His Army is first put to the test in Schleswig and Holstein.

40. Schleswig & Holstein 1864
Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria to seize the northern provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, an area heavily populated by German people.
A brief war allowed them to “Liberate” Schleswig an Holstein.
Prussia gets Schleswig
Austria gets Holstein

41. Austria 1866
Bismarck invents an excuse to attack Austria. The fighting lasts just 7 weeks, but the superior Prussian army wins.
Bismarck dissolves the Confederation of German States set up by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Bismarck creates a confederation led by Prussia.
What is a confederation?
A group of strong states with a weak central government. The states tend to have more power.

42. Franco-Prussian War 1870
France was concerned with the Prussian win over Austria. The French openly stressed their concerns and protested when a Prussian prince was selected for the vacant throne of Spain.
Though the situation was tense, neither side wanted to declare war.

43. The ends justify….
Otto Von Bismarck rallied the German people and swayed public opinion against the French by reminding them of Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasions.
Bismarck sparked war by tampering with the records of a meeting between William I (Prussian King) and a French Ambassador. He made it look like William I had insulted the French.
The French declared war: “On to Berlin!”

44. German Victory
The Germans were able to easily defeat the French and soon the French surrendered.
Does the Author support the Germans or the French?

45. German Expansion
Bismarck claims the French lands of Alsace and Lorraine for the Germans.
This was a humiliating defeat for the French

46. Kaiser William I
With the victory over France the Germans felt a surge of nationalism and convinced William I to accept the title Kaiser (emperor) in 1871.
This begins the 2nd Reich (empire):
1st Reich- Holy Roman Empire
2nd Reich- Kaiser William I (Chancellor Bismarck)
3rd Reich- Adolf Hitler

47. Limited Reforms
Under Kaiser William I Germany’s constitution set up a 2 house Legislature:
Bundesrat
Reichstag
Upper house- members appointed by rulers of the German States
Lower house- elected by universal male suffrage
The Bundesrat could veto the Reichstag’s votes at any time. Therefore, power really just stayed with the Kaiser and his Chancellor.
What’s wrong with this set up? Does it remind you of a similar situation in France?
The Reichstag can always be outvoted. Similar to the Estates General where the 1st and 2nd Estates outvote the 3rd Estate.

48. Review
Which Prussian leader followed a policy of “Blood and Iron” in order to create a unified Germany?
1. Metternich
2. Bolivar
3. Bismarck
4. Cavour

49. Review What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
1) To regain the strength lost by the Catholic Church in Europe
2) To create a new military plan for European domination in the Americas
3) To design a military plan to defeat Napoleon
4) To create a balance of power on the European continent

50. Review
Who’s views would Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck be most likely to agree with?
a) John Locke b) Machiavelli
c) King Louis XVI
d) Father Miguel Hidalgo