2. Chapter 21, Section 2: An Age of Cities Main Idea: Vast numbers of people migrated to cities, changing urban landscapes and creating new problems.

3. A.Urban Populations Boom  Urbanization – movement of a population from farms to cities (urban = city; opposite of rural). In 1860, less than 20% of Americans lived in a city. By 1890 - 33%. By 1920 - over 50%. Causes of City Growth (Urbanization)  Industrialization - factory jobs attracted workers to cities  Immigration = more factory workers  Lack of available land (settling of West completed) & farming became less popular (too difficult & not profitable) African Americans Move to Cities  Many African Americans moved to northern cities in large numbers to escape segregation in the Jim Crow South.  Factory jobs attracted black workers to cities like Chicago, Detroit, NYC & Philadelphia especially during WWI years (1915-1919)  This often led to racial tension with white workers &, sometimes, race riots.

4.  WWI - Allies needed war supplies = workers move to cities  1920 is 1st time more Americans live in cities than in rural areas.

5. B. Patterns of City Settlement  Most cities were set up with poor crowded into the center, middle-class surrounding them, and the rich farthest out: The Urban Poor  Mostly factory workers. Many were immigrants.  Lived in crowded slums in apartments called tenements, often with no heat, windows, or indoor bathrooms. Multiple families would share the same space.  Diseases (typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis) spread rapidly due to crowded & unsanitary conditions. Infant mortality rates were often very high. The Urban Middle Class  Doctors, lawyers, businessmen, office workers, etc.  Rows of neat houses on tree-lined streets in nice communities.  Many belonged to civic-minded clubs & charitable organizations. The Rich  Business owners, industrialists, successful entrepreneurs, etc.  Lived in mansions on estates lined with brick walls behind iron gates.  Traveled to Europe, threw lavish parties, bought priceless artwork, attended operas, etc.

6. 1 2 3 “Dumbbell” Tenements

9. C. Solving City Problems  Overcrowding led to other problems such as fires, garbage, pollution, crime… Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (book exposed tenements & poverty) Urban Reforms  Building codes (safety standards) required fire escapes & plumbing, etc.  Garbage collection & street cleaning reduced filth & grime  Zoning laws reduced pollution in residential areas by keeping factories out  Professional fire companies & police forces improved public safety  Street lights, public transportation & water/sewage systems improved the quality of urban living by making things cleaner, safer, & more convenient NYC’s water supply comes from reservoirs in the Catskill Mountain region of Upstate NY Religious Organizations Help the Poor  Catholic Church – Mother Cabrini founded dozens of hospitals for the poor  Social Gospel – Ministers called on their wealthier members to fulfill their Christian duty & help the poor, pay workers more & give time off for family  Salvation Army (William Booth) – offered food & shelter to the poor  YMCA/YWCA – offered social activities for young Christian people  YMHA/YWHA – same as above, but for Jewish people

10. Typical tenement fire-escape serving as an extension of the flat New buildings were required to have fire escapes and plumbing.

11. Street cleaning, Fourth Street Garbage collection and street cleaning began regularly.

12. Separate residential and industrial zones were developed.

13. YMCA, YWCA Basketball was invented in 1891 at a YMCA The YWCA offered physical & educational programs during lunch breaks to female factory workers.

14. Settlement Houses – community centers that offered services to poor Hull House Jane Addams led the movement with her Hull House, opened in Chicago in 1889. She came from a rich family, but felt obligated to help the poor Moved to one of the poorest slums in Chicago after college Volunteers offered a wide variety of services: Taught English language & American government to immigrants Gave health care advice & offered day care for children of workers Provided recreational activities for young people (sports, music, theater, etc.) By 1900, over 100 similar centers, opened in cities across the US Pressing for Reform Work done in settlement houses brought attention to the need for reform legislation. Volunteers pushed for the government to make changes: Better health laws Ban child labor Women’s suffrage (right to vote) D. The Settlement House Movement

15. Hull-House Nursery, ca. 1890s