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2. “We can not all live in cities, yet nearly all seem determined to do so” –Horace Greenly Urbanization: Movement of population from farms to cities Jobs drew people to cities – Industrialization What caused urban populations to boom (grow)?

3. JOBS As industry grew, so did the need for workers IMMIGRANTS settled in major cities MIGRATION From farm to city frontier closed African Americans Sought better life To escape prejudice – didn’t work

4. What were the patterns of City Settlement? or Where did people live within the city? As cities grew, they took on a similar shape Urban Poor Urban Middle Class The Rich (GUESS!!! BUT TRY AND USE REASON) Where in the city do you think each of these groups settled?

5. City’s center – the oldest section Crowded Slums Streets were crowded with people, horses, carts & garbage Conditions worsened as factories moved into city centers Disease filled (typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis)

6. TENEMENT – apartment buildings with 4 apartments on each floor/ 6-7 stories high with no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms. 10 people per room.

7. Different Styles of Tenements No gas (for light or heat), no indoor toilets few with running water In 1867, New York City began passing laws to improve conditions Some landlords, installed gas lines, running water and interior flush toilets. Others closed and evicted the tenets.

8. (4) 3 room apartments Roughly 325 square feet No toilet, stove, or bath Each kitchen had a fireplace Usually 5 (sometimes 6 or 7) floors Designed to hold 20 families or more 34 tenements built.

9. Click above to take the virtual tour of several tenements (restored*) in New York.

10.  Beyond slums  400-7,000 sq ft.  Tree shaded streets  Doctors, lawyers, business managers  Less frequent disease  Leisure activities brought community together

11.  Live on the outskirts of the city  Modeled lives after European Royalty Mansions Threw Parties Houses decorated with Artwork

12.  City Problems Garbage Pollution Crime Fire Safety Water Systems Poor  Urban Reforms Garbage Collection Zoning Laws Police Departments Fire Departments Building Codes New underground tunnels Religious Groups

13. Catholic Churches – helped many immigrants Protestants – encouraged business & well to do to help the poor – Social Gospel Movement Methodists – Salvation Army – offered food & shelter Jewish – community services (YMHA) – social activities, good citizenship, preserve culture

14.  Settlement House: Community houses that offered services to the poor  Hull House: settlement house founded by Jane Adams Helped immigrants adjust classes on government and language Recreation activities Nurseries Healthcare Realized the problems were too big for one group and urged the government to act. Pressed for reform  Campaigned for health (Alice Hamilton) and child labor laws (Florence Kelly)  Advocated for women to vote