Another School Year —What For?

Another School Year —What For?
Lesson One Another School Year —What For? 首页面 John Ciardi

Lesson One Part One: Warm-up Part Two: Background Information Part Three: Text Appreciation (Key Points) Part Four: Language Study (Difficult Points) Part Five: Resource Extension 首页面

Part One Warm up I. Questions
II. The Differences Between A University And A College

I. Questions Questions: 1. What is your purpose of going to college?
better jobs academic study parents' advice no purpose just follow others ... Sing the song歌词与歌曲不符，请自行修正。

I. Questions 2. What is the ideal higher education?
systematic mastery of knowledge competitive atmosphere opportunities of sharing experiences professional instructors ...

II. The Difference between A University And A College
Colleges in the United States first got that name because they didn’t seem to measure up to the size and stature of the large English universities. Some of the biggest differences are the size and prestige. It’s still widely understood that a university is typically larger and can grant more advanced degrees like doctorates and master’s degrees. A university may also have several separate colleges that operate under its umbrella. It’s acceptable to call a large university a college because the terms are so interchangeable. But you’ll rarely see anyone call a college a university because of that size distinction.

Part Two Background Information
Author Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld IV. Virgil, Shakespeare V. Neanderthal

I. Author John Ciardi American poet, editor, critic, author of books for children, nonfiction writer, and translator (of Dante’s The Divine Comedy: “The Inferno”, “The Purgatorio”, and “The Paradiso”).

I. Author Author ’s quotes
“The day will happen whether or not you get up.” “You do not have to suffer to be a poet. Adolescence is enough suffering for anyone.” “A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students.” Author ’s quotes A college is a school for advanced education esp. in a particular profession or skill. A University is an educational institution at the highest level where you study for a degree.

II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach
One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking. Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the “mind of the school”.

In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They became the basis of one of the three subjects of the medieval trivium (三学科)—logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Early in the 13th century other books reached the West.

The best known of Aristotle’s writings that have been preserved are Organon (工具论) (treatises on logic), Rhetoric, Poetics, History of Animals, Metaphysics (玄学), De Anima (on psychology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics and Constitution of Athens.

The Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, one of the three or four greatest English poets. Playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression. Most famous work was the Canterbury Tales.

Bach is considered by many to have been the greatest composer in the history of western music. Bach's main achievement lies in his synthesis and advanced development of the primary contrapuntal idiom of the late Baroque, and in the basic tunefullness of his thematic material. 巴洛克风格: 半音阶的使用,严格的形式,复杂的装饰对位,重复旋律的风格

III. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld
One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Alighieri Dante composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition. Dante’s greatest work—epic poem: The Divine Comedy, It includes three sections: the “Inferno” (Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell; the “Purgatorio” (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purification; and the “Paradiso” (Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven. The illustration shows Dante standing in front of the mountain of Purgatory, with hell on his right and heaven on his left.

Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of The Iliad and The Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. The Iliad The Odyssey

The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: Maxims, published in These moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature—a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest. “We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us.” “Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea.” “The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others.” “We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire.”

IV. Virgil, Shakespeare Virgil
The greatest of the ancient Roman poets His works: “Eclogues” (牧歌)—pastoral poems the “Georgics” (田园诗)—a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life (This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age.) his great epic, the “Aeneid” (叙事诗), which exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature

IV. Virgil, Shakespeare Shakespeare
English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include historical works, such as Richard II, comedies, including Much Ado About Nothing (庸人自扰), The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, and As You Like It, and tragedies, such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also composed 154 sonnets.

Part Three Text Appreciation
Text Analysis 1. Theme 2. Structure 3. Discussion II. Writing Devices 1. Language Style & Tone 2. Metaphor III. Sentence Paraphrase

I. Text Analysis Theme The author tries to clarify the purpose of a university: to put the students in touch with the best civilization that human race has created.

I. Text Analysis Structure
The writer describes his encounter with one of his students. Part 1 (Paras. 1— ): Part 2 (Paras ): 8 9—14 The author restates what he still believes to be the purpose of a university: putting its students in touch with the best civilizations the human race has created.

I. Text Analysis Discussion
As a college student, what do you think of the question put forward by the author? Give your own answer to the question, and compare it with the author’s. After finishing reading the whole text, how do you evaluate the author’s answer?

I. Text Analysis How does the writer present his argument?
At the beginning: He introduces the topic with his encounter with a student and with two questions: 1. Why should we go to university? 2. Why should we learn literature, arts, philosophy, politics, etc.? Then: He proceeds to give evidence to support his view. In the end: Reiteration and summary: the function of university and its faculty.

By way of using direct speech By way of using metaphors
II. Writing Devices Language Style & Tone By way of using direct speech Style: Colloquial, familiar style Tone: Humorous and mildly sarcastic By way of using metaphors

II. Writing Devices Metaphor
Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison. Part of the student body was a beanpole with hair on top who came into my class, sat down… (Para. 1) New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. (Para. 2) That is about what I said, but this particular pest was not interested. (Para. 7)

III. Sentence Paraphrase 1
… I was fresh out of graduate school starting my first semester at the University of Kansas City. (Para. 1) to have just come from a particular place, to have just had a particular experience, e.g. students fresh from college … I had just completed my graduate studies and began teaching at the University of Kansas City. go to 2

I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. (Para. 2) Subjunctive mood: I didn’t point it out in fact. to intend to do sth. to indicate, register, or show I could have told him that he was now not getting training for a job in a technical school but doing a B.Sc. at a university. go to 3

That is to say, he had not entered a technical training school but a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education. (Para. 2) Here the word education is used in a broad sense, which involves not only the process of acquiring knowledge and developing skills, but also that of improving the mind. What is the difference between training and education, according to the writer? Training is preparation for a job, or a career, such as the training in a certain skill. Education, on the other hand, is learning to develop one’s mental and moral powers. go to 4

“For the rest of your life,” I said, “your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.” (Para. 4) to come to an average or ordinary level or standard, esp. after being higher or lower More examples: Meals at the university average out to about 10 yuan per day. The restaurant’s monthly profits averaged out at 30% last year. go to 5

You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5) You have to take responsibility for the work you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client. go to 6

Noun clause, used as predicative
III. Sentence Paraphrase 6 Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children. (Para. 5) Noun clause, used as predicative In addition to all other things these professions offer, they provide you with a living so that you can support a family—wife and children. go to 7

Inverted sentence, used in a blessing. e.g. May they live long!
III. Sentence Paraphrase 7 They will be your income, and may it always suffice. (Para. 5) Inverted sentence, used in a blessing. e.g. May they live long! I hope that your income will always be enough. go to 8

not to know what to do in a particular situation
III. Sentence Paraphrase 8 “I hope you make a lot of it, ” I told him, “because you’re going to be badly stuck for something to do when you’re not signing checks.” (Para. 8) not to know what to do in a particular situation Notice the sarcastic tone of the writer. If you don’t have any goal in life apart from making money to satisfy your desire for material riches, go ahead and make a lot of it. go to 9

to have no right to do sth., shouldn’t have been/be doing sth.
III. Sentence Paraphrase 9 If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man’s development we call history—then you have no business being in college. (Para. 9) to have no right to do sth., shouldn’t have been/be doing sth. More examples: You’ve no business telling me what to do. She has no business reading your mail. go to 10

object of the verb “accept”
III. Sentence Paraphrase 10 If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy. (Para. 12) object of the verb “accept” “too… to…” structure If you are too anxious to make money, too ignorant to see your limitations, then you couldn’t regard those great people’s minds as a gift to your humanity, and thus you can’t be a developed human. go to 11

“except” used as a conjunctive, introducing an adverbial clause
III. Sentence Paraphrase 11 … when I say that a university has no real existence and no real purpose except as it succeeds in putting you in touch, both as specialists and as humans, with those human minds your human mind needs to include. (Para. 14) “except” used as a conjunctive, introducing an adverbial clause both as specialists and as humans: as persons who have specialized and are trained in a certain subject or skill and as civilized creatures and thinking animals

Part Four Language Study
Word Study Phrases and Expressions Word Building Grammar

I. Word Study Word list: accomplishmet assume certify expose faculty
6. generate 7. nevertheless 8. rear 9. species 10. suffice

I. Word Study 1. accomplishment
n. sth. completed successfully; an achievement Examples: a girl of many accomplishments. Among her accomplishments were sewing, cooking, playing the piano and dancing.

I. Word Study accomplish v. to succeed in doing; to reach the end of
Examples: accomplish one’s object accomplish one’s mission He can accomplish more in a day than any other boy in his class.

I. Word Study 2. assume v. a. to take for granted; to suppose
b. to take upon oneself Word formation n. assumption a. assumptive Examples: They had assumed that prices would rise these days, but in fact they were wrong. assume responsibilities assume another’s debts

I. Word Study 3. certify v. to confirm formally as true, accurate, or
Word formation v. to confirm formally as true, accurate, or genuine n. certification a. certified Examples: The accounts were certified (as) correct. He was certified (as) insane. certified accountant

I. Word Study 4. expose v. a. to subject or allow to be subjected to an action or an influence b. to subject (a photographic film, for example) to the action of light c. to make known (sth. discreditable); to reveal (the guilt or wrongdoing of)

I. Word Study Examples: The parents exposed their children to classical music at home. This film has been exposed. The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.

I. Word Study 5. faculty n. a. any of the powers of the body or mind
b. department or group of related departments in a university c. the whole teaching staff in one of the departments or in the whole university Examples: the faculty of the sight; mental faculties the Faculty of Law The entire faculty of the university will attend the meeting.

I. Word Study staff n. cf. Examples:
a. group of assistants working together in a business, etc. responsible to a manager or a person in authority b. those people doing administrative work Examples: the hotel staff, the shop staff We need more staff in the office. I have a staff of ten. a head teacher and her staff The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.

I. Word Study 6. generate v. to produce as a result of a chemical or
Word formation n. generation n. generator a. generative v. to produce as a result of a chemical or physical process Examples: a generating station When coal burns, it generates heat. generative reproduction

I. Word Study 7. nevertheless adv. in spite of that, however Examples:
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept on working. We are going nevertheless we shall return.

I. Word Study 8. rear v. a. to care for (children or a child) during the early stages of life; to bring up b. to tend (growing plants or animals) c. to rise high in the air; to tower n. a hind part Examples: to rear a child to rear poultry to rear a monument to a person’s memory the rear of the hall

I. Word Study 9. species Examples:
n. a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding Examples: Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not adapt to a changing environment. The Origin of Species the four species 四则, 加减乘除

I. Word Study 10. suffice v. to meet present needs or requirements
Word formation v. to meet present needs or requirements a. sufficient n. sufficiency Examples: These rations will suffice until next week. Fifty dollars will suffice me. Fifty dollars will suffice for my needs.

II. Phrases and Expressions
List: 1. enroll in 2. specialize in 3. put it… 4. go through 5. see to it that 6. preside over 7. be out to do sth. 8. be on one’s/the way to 9. The chances are that… 10. in essence 11. make… available

1. enroll in Word formation to place one’s name on a roll or register; to sign up n. enrollment Example: We enrolled in the army.

2. specialize in to concentrate on a particular activity or product Example: The shop specializes in mountain-climbing gear.

3. put it… to express; to state Examples: to put it another way to put it mildly to put it strong

5. see to it that to try to make sure that Example: The parents asked the girl to see to it that her younger brothers behave well at the table.

4. go through a. to examine carefully b. to experience Examples: John went through the students’ papers. We went through hell while working on this project.

6. preside over to be in charge of Examples: preside over a meeting preside at tea The manager presides over the business of this store.

7. be out to do sth. to try to do sth. Example: You professor raise your kids your way; I’ll take care of my own. Me, I’m out to make money.

8. be on one’s/the way to to be in the process of coming, going, or traveling Examples: She is on her way out the door. Winter is on the way. You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal.

9. The chances are that… It is possible that… Examples: The chances are ten to one that the guest team will win. If you have some one on your mind, let her know. Chances are you are on hers as well. cf. There is a chance that I will see him these days. Is there any chance of rain?

chance vi. to come about by chance; occur 偶然发生，出现 vt. to take the risk or hazard of 冒······的危险 Examples: It chanced that the train was late that day. Although there is still hope, he is not not willing to chance it.

10. in essence by nature; essentially Example: In essence, leadership involves accomplishing goals with and through people.

11. make… available to do sth. so that one thing can be used or can easily be bought or found Examples: Dental clinics shall be made available within ten miles of each community. Parking facilities were made available for the disabled.

III. Word Building List: Suffix –ize Suffix –fy

III. Word Building capitalize e.g. dramatize 戏剧化 to cause to be or to
suffix capitalize e.g. dramatize 戏剧化 Hellenize 使希腊化 idolize 偶像崇拜 anesthetize 施以麻醉 to cause to be or to become 使成为 b. to cause to conform to or resemble 使······一致，使······相像 c. to treat as 当作······对待 d. to treat or affect with 对待或影响

III. Word Building capitalize e.g. tyrannize 压制 pasteurize 施行巴氏消毒
suffix e.g. tyrannize 压制 pasteurize 施行巴氏消毒 materialize 具体化 botanize 采集植物 e. to subject to 使服从 f. to treat according to or practice the method of 根据······对待或实施办法 g. to become; become like 成为；变得像 h. to perform, engage in, or produce 完成，从事于，生产

III. Word Building suffix— -ize capital (a.) capitalize central (a.)
final (a.) hospital (n.) ideal (a.) natural (a.) social (a.) capitalize centralize finalize hospitalize idealize naturalize socialize

III. Word Building suffix— -ize apologize apologetic (a.) civil (a.)
civilize fertilize industrialize realize specialize westernize apologetic (a.) civil (a.) fertile (a.) industrial (a.) real (a.) special (a.) western (a.)

III. Word Building clarify -fy—to cause to become; to make base (n.)
suffix clarify -fy—to cause to become; to make base (n.) clear (a.) class (n.) intense (a.) just (a.) note (n.) basify clarify classify intensify justify notify

III. Word Building clarify -fy—to cause to become; to make purify
suffix clarify -fy—to cause to become; to make pure (a.) quality (n.) simple (a.) unity (n.) terror (n.) purify qualify simplify unify terrify

IV. Grammar I. Observe the following sentences and study the related grammar. New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything one needs to know in order to be a civilized man. As this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind’s spiritual resources.

Concessive clause, inverted sentence, meaning “though…”
IV. Grammar II. Grammar 1: concessive clause New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this specimen a number of things. Concessive clause, inverted sentence, meaning “though…” More examples: Great as the author was, he proved a bad model. Ridiculous as it seems, the tale is true.

Infinitive, functioning as modifier of “time”
IV. Grammar II. Grammar 2: infinitive There is not time enough in a single lifetime to invent for oneself everything one needs to know in order to be a civilized man. Infinitive, functioning as modifier of “time” More examples: a lot of things to do last one to leave a man to rely on

as… so (conjunctive adverbs)
IV. Grammar II. Grammar 3: as… so structure As this is true of the techniques of mankind, so it is true of mankind’s spiritual resources. as… so (conjunctive adverbs) More example: Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer.

Part Five Resource Extension
Quiz  Writing 

I. Quiz List 1. Quiz 1 2. Quiz 2 3. Quiz 3

Match the phrases with their corresponding explanations.
I. Quiz 1 be exposed to sth. to be in charge see to it that approximately go through to make sure that more or less to be quickly excreted preside over to be given experience of it average out to come to an average or ordinary level or standard Match the phrases with their corresponding explanations.

I. Quiz 2 A B She _____ useful knowledge of the English by
careful study. A. acquired B. gained C. sacrificed D. earned 2. Their ____ that their project under way was something entirely new proved to be untrue. A. belief B. assumption C. faith D. suggestion A B

I. Quiz 2 A D 3. The class has a/an ____ of 27 students.
A. enrollment B. register C. staff D. record 4. Fifty dollars will ____ for my needs. A. fill B. satisfy C. content D. suffice A D

I. Quiz 2 C A 5. They had a/an ____ agreement not to raise the
touchy subject. A. obvious B. complacent C. implicit D. explicit 6. The lecture provided ____ insight into foreign affairs. A. penetrating B. pendular C. pensive D. penal C A

I. Quiz 2 A D 7. The popularity of the film shows that the
reviewers’ fears were completely _____. A. unjustified B. unjust C. misguided D. unaccepted 8. The head of the museum was _____and let us actually examine the ancient manuscripts. A. promising B. agreeing C. pleasing D. obliging A D

I. Quiz 2 C A 9. North American fur trade ___ in the early 1800’s
mainly due to the diminishing number of fur-bearing animals. A. ceased B. staggered C. waned D. collapsed 10. The place did not seem to be popular, for it was completely deserted, and in any case _____ to traffic. A. inaccessible B. inadequate C. insignificant D. incompatible C A

I. Quiz 2 B D 11. Mary hopes to be ___ from hospital next week.
A. dismissed B. discharged C. expelled D. resigned 12. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ___. A. invaluable B. priceless C. unworthy D. worthless B D

I. Quiz 2 B A 13. We have been hearing ______ accounts of your work.
A. favoured B. favourable C. favorite D. favouring 14. Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a ___ to the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway. A. sign B. mark C. signal D. board B A

I. Quiz 2 A B 17. As it turned out to be a small house party, we
___ so formally. A. need not have dressed up B. must not have dressed up C. did not need to dress up D. must not dress up 18. I’d just as soon ___ to me. A. that you won’t listen B. you didn’t listen C. your not listening D. you not listening A B

I. Quiz 2 A B 15. A well-written composition ____ good choice of
words and clear organization among other things. A. calls for B. calls on C. calls up D. calls off 16. It’s a mistake to think of Florida only __ its tourist attractions. A. by means of B. in terms of C. in connection with D. by way of A B

I. Quiz 2 C C 19. Windstorms have recently established a record
which meteorologists hope will not be equaled for many years ___. A. that will come B. that are coming C. to come D. coming He said it was impossible for ___ a mistake in a computer’s calculation, so we can rely on that. A. there being B. there would be C. there to be D. there was C C

Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given words.
I. Quiz 3 1. A degree in English does not ______ you to teach English. (quality) 2. You must realize that it is _________ that has cramped your progress. (arrogant) 3. The hostess bustled about with an __________ of authority. (assume) 4. After the election, the coalition __________. (fragment) qualify Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given words. arrogance assumption fragmented

Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given words.
I. Quiz 3 5. The man has ________ income for a comfortable retirement. (suffice) 6. He __________ when he saw the dead animal. (shudder) 7. I am ________ that a good deal more is still to be done. (sense) 8. He nearly died of ________ on the cold mountain. (expose) sufficient Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the given words. shuddered sensible exposure

II. Writing What enlightenment have you got from this text? (In about 130 words)

Another School Year —What For?

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