2. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE Part Two ENTER

3. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE I. AuthorAuthor II. Aristotle, Chaucer, BachAristotle, Chaucer, Bach III. Dante, Homer, La RochefoucauldDante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld IV. Virgil, ShakespeareVirgil, Shakespeare V. NeanderthalNeanderthal Background Information

4. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE John Ciardi American poet, editor, critic, author of books for children, nonfiction writer, and translator (of Dante’s The Divine Comedy: “The Inferno”, “The Purgatorio”, and “The Paradiso”). I. Author To be continued on the next page.

5. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE  “ The day will happen whether or not you get up. ”  “ You do not have to suffer to be a poet. Adolescence is enough suffering for anyone. ”  “ A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students. ” The end of Author. I. Author Author ’s quotes

6. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking. Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the “mind of the school”. In later years he renounced some of Plato’s theories and went far beyond him in breadth of knowledge. II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach To be continued on the next page. Aristotle

7. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They became the basis of one of the three subjects of the medieval trivium ( 三 学科 )—logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Early in the 13th century other books reached the West. Some came from Constantinople; others were brought by the Arabs to Spain. Medieval scholars translated them into Latin. To be continued on the next page.

8. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach The best known of Aristotle’s writings that have been preserved are Organon ( 工具论 ) (treatises on logic), Rhetoric, Poetics, History of Animals, Metaphysics ( 玄学 ), De Anima (on psychology), Nicomachean Ethics, Politics and Constitution of Athens. To be continued on the next page.

9. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach The Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, one of the three or four greatest English poets. Playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression. Most famous work was the Canterbury Tales. To be continued on the next page. Chaucer

10. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE II. Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach Bach is considered by many to have been the greatest composer in the history of western music. Bach's main achievement lies in his synthesis and advanced development of the primary contrapuntal idiom of the late Baroque, and in the basic tunefullness of his thematic material. Bach is also known for the numerical symbolism and mathematical exactitude which many people have found in his music—for this, he is often regarded as one of the pinnacle geniuses of western civilization. The end of Aristotle, Chaucer, Bach. Bach

11. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE III. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld To be continued on the next page. One of the greatest poets in the history of world literature, Italian writer Alighieri Dante composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition. Dante’s greatest work—epic poem: The Divine Comedy, 1802. It includes three sections: the “Inferno” (Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell; the “Purgatorio” (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purification; and the “Paradiso” (Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven. The illustration shows Dante standing in front of the mountain of Purgatory, with hell on his right and heaven on his left. Dante

12. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of The Iliad and The Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. To be continued on the next page. The IliadThe Odyssey III. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld Homer

13. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: Maxims, published in 1665. These moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams, or short sayings, about human nature—a nature that the author felt is dominated by self- interest.  “We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire.”  “We seldom find such sensible men as those who agree with us.”  “Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea.”  “The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others.” The end of Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld. III. Dante, Homer, La Rochefoucauld La Rochefoucauld

14. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE The greatest of the ancient Roman poets His works: “Eclogues” ( 牧歌 )—pastoral poems the “Georgics” ( 田园诗 )—a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life (This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age.) his great epic, the “Aeneid” ( 叙事诗 ), which exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature IV. Virgil, Shakespeare To be continued on the next page. Virgil

15. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE The end of Virgil, Shakespeare. English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include historical works, such as Richard II, comedies, including Much Ado About Nothing ( 庸人自 扰 ), The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, and As You Like It, and tragedies, such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also composed 154 sonnets. Shakespeare IV. Virgil, Shakespeare

16. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE The end of Neanderthal. V. Neanderthal The Neanderthal was a species of genus Homo that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (the Middle Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic, in the Pleistocene epoch). Neanderthals were adapted to cold, as shown by their larger brains, short but robust builds and large nose. These traits are promoted by natural selection in cold climates, and are also observed in modern sub-arctic populations. Their brains were roughly 10 percent larger than those of modern humans. On average, Neanderthals stood about 1.65m tall and were very muscular, comparable to modern weight-lifters.

17. Lesson 1 Another School Year—What For? BTLWE Part Two This is the end of Part Two. Please click HOME to visit other parts. HOME