1. 6 Kingdoms of Life

2. Classification Key Words and Definitions in Cornell Notes ( with at least one example) 1. Unicellular – 2. Multicellular- 3. Eukaryote (Eukaryotic) 4. Prokaryote (Prokaryotic) 5. Autotroph – 6. Heterotroph – 7. Vertebrate – 8. Invertebrate- 9. Carnivore – 10. Herbivore- 11. Omnivore- 12. Biotic – 13. Abiotic –

3. The student will investigate and understand life functions of archaebacteria, monerans (eubacteria), protists, fungi, plants, and animals including humans. Key concepts include: how their structures and functions vary between and within the kingdoms; comparison of their metabolic activities; analyses of their responses to the environment; maintenance of homeostasis; human health issues, human anatomy, body systems, and life functions; and how viruses compare with organisms.

4. As living things are constantly being investigated, new attributes are revealed that affect how organisms are placed in a standard classification system.

5. The grouping of organisms into kingdoms is based on 3 factors: –1. Cell Type –2. Cell Number –3. Feeding Type

6. 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes

7. Prokaryotes DO NOT HAVE: a membrane bound nucleus any membrane bound organelles

8. Prokaryotes DO HAVE: DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell membrane

10. Eukaryotes DO HAVE: separate membrane bound nucleus other organelles

12. 2. Cell # - Whether the organisms exist as single cells or as many cells Unicellular- single celled organism Multicellular- many celled organism

13. UnicellularMulticellular

14. 3. Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or Producer Makes it’s own food –Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive

15. There used to be only 5 kingdoms 1.Moneran 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

16. 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

17. KingdomCell TypeCell #Feeding Type ArchaebacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularAutotroph EubacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularBoth ProtistaEukaryoteMost Unicellular Both FungiEukaryotebothHeterotroph PlantaeEukaryoteMulticellularAutotroph AnimaliaEukaryoteMulticellularHeterotroph Cell Wall Yes Yes & NO Yes NO

18. Archaebacteria (Ancient bacteria)- –Live in very harsh environments –Ex. Hot springs, acidic environments, mud, and sewage

19. Eubacteria Live everywhere but extreme conditions Help other organisms survive Helpful bacteria live in your stomach

20. Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

21. Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes –Rod or Stick (bacilli) –Sphere (cocci) –Helical or spiral (borrelia)

22. Draw, label and color on Example Page (opposite Bacteria Notes) Pg 193, Fig 10 Spherical (Include the Common Name “Strep Throat” and Scientific Name) Rodlike ((Include the Common Name “Bacteria in Intestines” and Scientific Name) Spiral Shaped ((Include the Common Name “Lyme Disease ” and Scientific Name)

23. Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella (whip-like) or cilia (hair-like) for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

24. Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs

25. Protists Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. Odds & Ends Kingdom

26. Protists There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists Some are beneficial Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as:

27. DiseaseProtistVector (carrier) SymptomsDetails Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica waterdiarrheacan get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardiawaterdiarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse flyuncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria PlasmodiumAnopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmacatsfetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter

28. Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

29. Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever) -From drinking water from streams, lakes, rivers -Beavers Giardia

30. Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness - From da mosquito buzzzzzzz Trypanosoma

31. Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

32. Protists Disease Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

33. Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: –Pseudopod (false foot) –Flagella/cilia –Contractile vacuoles

34. Protists Nutrition Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

35. Draw, label and color on Example Page (opposite Protists Notes) Include where the type of locomotion originates from Draw, label and color on Example Page (opposite Protists Notes) Pg 220 Amoeba (Include Pseudopod) Pg 221 Paramecium (Include Celia) Pg 225 Euglena Include Flagellum)

36. Fungi The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

37. Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

38. Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin

39. Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

40. Fungi Ringworm

41. Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

42. Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs They absorb nutrients from dead organic matter They are saprophytes

43. There are 4 main types of Fungi (classified by how they reproduce) 1.Thread-like Bread molds

44. There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club (Basidiomycetes) Mushrooms & puffballs

45. There are 4 main types of Fungi 3.Sac (Ascomycetes) Yeasts Plant diseases- –Dutch elm

46. There are 4 main types of Fungi 4.Imperfect (Deuteromycetes) Mold on oranges penicillin

47. Draw, label and color on Example Page (opposite Fungi Notes) Pg 234 Fig 13 Mushroom Structure Pg 237 Threadlike Fungi (ex. Bread Mold) Sac Fungi (ex. Bird’s nest Fungi) Club Fungi (ex. Puff ball Fungi) Imperfect Fungi (ex. Penicillium) –Use Pg 235 Fig 14 (Draw orange & orange slice )

48. Plants All plants are multicellular autotrophs that have a cell wall.

49. 2 important plant groups are: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) 1- Non-vascular 2- Vascular

50. Nonvascular Plants (Mosses, Liverworts & Hornworts) Nonvascular plants are the simplest of all land dwelling plants. They lack an internal means for water transportation. They do not produce seeds or flowers. They generally only reach a height of 1 to 2 centimeters, because they lack the woody tissue necessary for support.

51. Mosses

52. Liverworts & Hornworts

53. Vascular Plants Xylem - have water-carrying tissues and Phloem sugar-carrying tissues enabling the plants to evolve to a larger size. Vascular plants produce seeds.

54. Ferns

55. Conifers (cone bearing) –Gymnosperms Oldest vascular plants

56. Flowering plants –Angiosperms

57. Animalia All animals are multicellular heterotrophs that LACK a cell wall and are capable of movement at some point in their lives.

58. Asymmetrical (Asymmetrical animals)– have no general body plan (sponges) or axis of symmetry - that (divides the body into mirror-image halves). Animals are divided into taxa by many variables. One variable is Body symmetry

59. Radial (Radially symmetrical animals)- such as coral and jelly fish have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

60. Bilateral (Bilaterally symmetrical animals) such as humans and fish have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

61. Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Asymmetrical symmetry

62. Animals are also classified by their skeletal system –Invertebrates – –have a hard external skeleton (exoskeleton) made of chitin

63. Animals are also classified by their skeletal system –Invertebrates – –have a hard external skeleton (exoskeleton) made of chitin

64. Animals are also classified by their skeletal system –Vertebrates - –have a hard internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of bone

65. Some important animal groups (phyla) are the:

66. Porifera: sponges

67. Cnidarians: Jellyfish, corals, and other stingers... Their stinger is called a nematocyst

68. Nematocyst

69. Mollusks –Octopi, squid

70. Mollusks –Clams, oysters

71. Mollusks –Snails, slugs

72. Platyhelminthes (flat worms) –Tapeworms & flukes Human liver fluke

73. Annelids (segmented worms) –Worms & leeches

74. Echinoderms –Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers

75. Arthropods –Shell fish, arachnids & BUGS!

76. Chordates –The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most familiar, since it includes humans and other vertebrates.

77. Chordates

78. Viruses Viruses do not share many of the characteristics of living organisms. HIV Virus

79. Viruses Viruses are not cells. Basic viral structure consists of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core surrounded by a protein coat. DNA or RNA

80. Viruses Viruses can reproduce only inside a living cell, the host cell.

81. Viruses The viral reproductive process includes the following steps: 1.A virus must insert its genetic material into the host cell. 2.The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and uses it to produce viruses. 3.The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell.

82. Virus Vectors Viruses are transmitted through vectors, such as: Airborne –Influenza –Common cold

83. Virus Vectors Contaminated food or water –Hepatitis

84. Virus Vectors Infected animal bite –West Nile –Rabies –Avian influenza (bird flu) –Ebola

85. Virus Vectors Sexual contact –HIV –Herpes

86. Virus Vectors Contaminated blood products or needles –HIV –Hepatitis

87. Virus Treatment –Viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics. –There are some anti-viral drugs available. –You generally have to wait for the virus to run its course and let your immune system fight it off.