1. The 6 Kingdoms SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Life Science

2. Questions  What do we mean by the word, “classify”?  What do you classify in your life?  Why do you classify objects or concepts in your life?

3.  The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors:  1. Cell Type (prokaryotic or eukaryotic)  2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular)  3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

4. 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

5. Prokaryotes – Bacteria!  DO NOT HAVE : An organized nucleus Structured organelles

6. Prokaryotes – Typical Bacteria Basic Structure DNA – strands floating in cytoplasm/small rings called plasmids Ribosomes - RNA/protein synthesis sites Cytoplasm -water based Cell membrane & Wall

7. Eukaryotes  DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles

8. 2 nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

9.  Unicellular Multicellular

10. 3 rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food –Autotroph or Producer Make their own food –Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

11. There used to be only 5 kingdoms 1.Moneran 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia This kingdom has now been divided into 2 – archaebacteria & eubacteria

12. 6 Kingdoms  Archaebacteria  Eubacteria  Protista  Fungi  Plantae  Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

13. Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type Archaebacteri a ProkaryoteUnicellularAutotroph EubacteriaProkaryoteUnicellularBoth ProtistaEukaryote Most Unicellular Both FungiEukaryotebothHeterotroph PlantaeEukaryoteMulticellularAutotroph AnimaliaEukaryoteMulticellularHeterotroph Cell Wall Yes Yes Yes & NO Yes Yes NO

14. Aristotle’s Classification System  Aristotle 4th century BC (384 to322 BC) *Greek philosopher * divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animals *divided animals into blood and bloodless *also divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking, flying, or swimming (land, air, or water) *his system was used into the 1600's

15. Linnaeus’ Classification System  18th century  Swedish scientist  classified plants and animals according to similarities in form  divided living things into one of two "kingdoms" -  plant and animal kingdoms  divided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called "genera" (plural of "genus")  divided each genera into smaller groups called "species"  designed a system of naming organisms called binomial ("two names") nomenclature

16. Archaebacteria  Ancient bacteria-  Live in very harsh environments  extremophiles

17. Eubacteria  Common bacteria that lives in more friendly areas

18. Bacterial Shapes  Bacteria come in 3 main shapes  Rod or Stick (bacilli)  Sphere (cocci)  Helical or spiral (borrelia)

19. Bacterial Locomotion  Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement  Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

20. Protists  Amoeba PARAMECIUM

21. Protist’sTraits  unicellular  Have an organized nucleus  No cell wall  Can move by means of pseudopods (False Feet), Cilia (hair-like structures), or Flagella (tails)

22. Protists  Some Protists are Beneficial to People  Diatoms are used in filters, toothpastes, insulation, and metal polishes and produce oxygen into the atmosphere  Red Algae is used as a thickener (agar)in food and to prevent separation (carageenan)in food mixtures

23. Protists  Some Protists are Harmful to People  Dinoflagellates release toxins into water and the shellfish that eat them which can cause illness to humans and death to fish  Some are parasites that cause damage to plants and people  Some cause disease such as African Sleeping Sickness, and Malaria

24. Fungi  All fungi are eukaryotic  They may be unicellular or multicellular  All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

25. Fungi  Fungi can be very helpful and delicious  Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi Penicillin

26. Fungi  Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

27. Fungi  Ringworm

28. Fungi Nutrition  All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes- get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Saprophytes- get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Mutualists – live symbiotically - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

29. Plants  Nonvascular  Vascular

30.  4 important plant groups are the: Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns (Pteridophytes) Conifers (Gymnosperms) Flowering Plants (Angiosperms) Non-vascular Vascular

31.  Nonvascular Plants - Mosses the simplest of all land dwelling plants lack an internal means for water transportation do not produce seeds or flowers -fertilization depends on water medium to get the sperm to the egg. lack a woody tissue necessary for support around their “stems” and so are usually relatively short

32. Mosses

33. Liverworts & Hornworts

34. Vascular Plants Internal transportation System Xylem – water carrying tubes Phloem – sugar carrying tissues enables plants to evolve into larger specimens. Produce Seeds – protects and nourishes an Embryo of the new plant

35. Gymnosperms  Conifers (pine cones)  Oldest vascular plants

36. Angiosperms - flowering plants - flowering plants

37. Animalia Kingdom All animals are: -Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs -Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

38. 2 nd Criteria for Animal Classification  Skeletal Characteristics  Invertebrates have a hard external skeleton made of chitin known as an exoskeleton  Vertebrates have a hard internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage