1. 9.1 Section Objectives – page 221
1. How is each of these organisms using energy? 2. In what other ways do organisms use energy?
3. What are two ways in which organisms make/get energy?
(organisms can either be ____ or _____)
9.1 Section Objectives – page 221

2. Energy in a Cell The Need for Energy All organisms require energy for:
Active transport
Cell division
Movement
Production of proteins

3. Energy in a Cell
Plants and other green organisms are able to trap the light energy via sunlight and store it in bonds for later use
Other organisms do not use the sun directly:
They eat plants to obtain energy stored in plants

4. Energy in a Cell Energy is stored in the ATP molecule
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
Made up of adenosine + 3 phosphate groups

5. *This energy is released when the bond is broken*
Energy in a Cell
ATP
Adenosine
Phosphate
High-energy bond: Stores a lot of energy
*This energy is released when the bond is broken*
ADP
Energy
Adenosine
Phosphate

6. Energy in a Cell ADP: Adenosine diphosphate
Cells recycle the ADP to make new ATP to store more energy for future use
Many proteins have spots where ATP attaches to provide energy for the protein to do its job, then the ADP is released for recycling

7. Photosynthesis Process that uses the sun’s energy to make glucose
Purpose is to trap sun’s energy and store it in glucose (food for the plant)
Carried out by green plants and some bacteria
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast

8. Photosynthesis Structure of the chloroplast:
Stroma: Space inside the chloroplast
Thylakoid: Green disk in the chloroplast
Granum stack: Stack of green thylakoids

9. Photosynthesis Thylakoids are green because they contain chlorophyll
Chlorophyll: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy
Pigment: light-absorbing compound

10. Photosynthesis: The Chemical Equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen (Light Energy  Chemical Energy)

11. Photosynthesis: The 2 Steps
1. Light reaction (Light-dependent reaction) - First step of photosynthesis that traps sunlight and makes electrons and ATP to run the dark reaction 2. Dark reaction (Light-independent reaction) - Second step of photosynthesis that uses ATP and electrons from the light reaction and carbon dioxide from the air to make glucose

12. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration: process by which cells (animal and plant) break down food molecules into ATP (energy) content/cellularrespiration.html

13. Electron Transport Chain
Animal Cell
Citric Acid Cycle
(Outer Membrane)
Electron Transport Chain
(Inner membrane) 2
Glycolysis (Cytoplasm) 1 3

14. Cellular Respiration THE POINT:
SO YOU’RE PROBABLY THINKING…WHAT WAS THE POINT OF ALL THIS!!!
THE POINT:
ATP Totals for aerobic respiration: Glycolysis – 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle – 2 ATP
+ Electron Transport Chain – 32 ATP
1 Glucose = 36 ATP in all for aerobic respiration

15. What happens when oxygen is NOT present?
Glycolysis—Always Anaerobic
Alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate  ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide
Lactic Acid fermentation
Pyruvate  lactic acid
Carried out by your muscles when you’re exercising hard (need ATP) and can’t get oxygen into you fast enough (can’t do aerobic respiration)
Causes muscle cramps and soreness
Carried out by yeast and some bacteria
Used in brewing beer, making wine, and baking bread and cakes

16. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and respiration are the opposite of each other:
Photosynthesis
Plants
use sunlight to make glucose
take in carbon dioxide
give off oxygen
*carbon dioxide + water + sunlight  glucose + oxygen
Respiration
Animals and plants
eat plants to get glucose
take in oxygen
give off carbon dioxide
*glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP