1. 1 Divisions Develop 1791: National Assembly creates a new constitution ◦Creates a limited constitutional monarchy Strips king of most authority Creates a Legislative Assembly King Louis XVI agrees (no choice!) Old problems still exist ◦Food shortages ◦Government debt ◦Poverty Factions split revolutionaries ◦Radicals/Left: get rid of king, redo government ◦Moderates/Center: wanted some changes in government ◦Conservatives/Right: wanted to keep a limited monarchy with few changes in government

2. 2 Two illustrations of sans-culottes Divisions Develop… Émigrés (the rich who fled France during the revolution) took actions to try to undo the revolution to get back their land Sans-culottes (the lower-class in Paris) wanted even more radical change ◦They had no power in the assembly (but that didn’t stop them!) Movie poster for A Tale of Two Cities, based on the novel by Charles Dickens about the French Revolution and an émigré

3. 3 War and Execution Austria and Prussia fear revolution will spread. ◦They pressure France to restore monarchy. ◦1792: France responds by declaring war. Prussian commander warns that he will destroy Paris if royal family is harmed. August 10, 1792: Parisians furious at threat. ◦They storm the Tuileries (place where the royals were under arrest).  Mobs massacre royal guard, takes royal family prisoners Storming of the Tuileries Palace, Paris

4. 4 War and Execution… Rumor: King’s supporters in Paris prisons are going to break out and retake Paris ◦Mobs raid prisons, and murder over 1,000 nobles  = September Massacres Radicals force ◦Legislative Assembly to set aside the 1791 Constitution ◦Creation of a new government, National Convention New government ◦Abolishes monarchy ◦Declares France a republic ◦Adult males given right to vote Illustration by Armand Fouquier of the September Massacres

5. 5 War and Execution… National Convention, led by radical Jacobians put Louis XVI on trial and sentence him to death ◦January 21, 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotine. War with Prussia continues. ◦Prussia and Austria are joined by  England  Holland  Spain ◦National Convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women Illustration of the execution of Louis XVI

6. 6 Reign of Terror Many groups in France fighting for power ◦Peasants loyal to Catholic Church and/or king ◦Clergy resisting government control ◦Rival leaders in different regions of France 1793: Maximilien Robespierre gains power ◦Vowed to build a “republic of virtue” by erasing France’s past.  Changed calendar ◦ Eliminated Sundays  Closed churches Reign of Terror = Robespierre = leader of Committee of Public Safety and virtual dictator ◦Goal = protect revolution from its enemies  Bogus arrests, trials  Lots of torture and death ◦Many “enemies of the revolution” = personal enemies of Robespierre because of their challenges to his power ◦Apprx. 40,000 killed ◦85% = peasants or middle class, those who were supposed to benefit from the revolution Top: Robespierre Bottom: Poster for movie version of the Scarlet Pimpernel, a story of intrigues and love during the Reign of Terror

7. 7 End of Terror 1794: Fearing for own safety, members of National Convention turn on Robespierre ◦Demand his arrest and execution  Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 with Robespierre’s execution ◦Public opinion shifts  Tired of terror  Tired of inflation for necessities ◦1795: National Convention creates third government since 1789  Gives more power to upper middle class  Creates two-house legislature (like U.S. Congress)  Created Directory = five men acting as executive body (like U.S. president) Directory gives command of France’s armies to Napoleon Bonaparte Top: Illustration of the execution of Robespierre Bottom: Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte

8. 8 Review Ideas are powerful! ◦The scientific revolution shattered long-held views about the universe.  Enlightenment questioned society and government: ◦ Locke (contract between government and governed) ◦ Montesquieu (checks and balances) ◦ Rousseau (individual freedom and civilization corrupts) ◦ Voltaire (freedom of thought and expression) ◦Their radical beliefs in the natural rights of man inspired the American and French Revolutions. New thinking encouraged New thinking leads to revolutions in America and France Scientific revolution