1. Nanotechnology Redefining “One small step for man,
one giant leap for mankind.”
Jonathan Finn-Gamino
COSMOS - UC Santa Cruz
July 22, 2005
Background courtesy of Sandia Labs

2. What is the nanoscale?

4. What is Nanotechnology?
nan·o·tech·nol·o·gy (nan'-oh-tek-no"l*-jee ) n.
1. The science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules.
2. Any fabrication technology in which objects are designed and built by the specification and placement of individual atoms or molecules or where at least one dimension is on a scale of nanometers.
A nanometer is a unit of spatial measurement that is 10-9 of a meter, or one billionth of a meter.

5. Nanotechnology has been around for more than a millennium (i. e
Nanotechnology has been around for more than a millennium (i.e. Maya Blue) but only been really understood within the last half of a century…
Maya Blue
Nanotechnology is naturally occurring- nanostructures such as cells, viruses, other nano-systems, etc. found in nature.
Courtesy of Foresight Institute
Courtesy of PBS
Courtesy of Foresight Institute

6. Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
Things Natural
Things Manmade
1 cm
10 mm
Ant
~ 5 mm
10-2 m
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
Dust mite
200 mm
The Challenge
1,000,000 nanometers =
10-3 m
1 millimeter (mm)
MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices
mm wide
Fly ash
~ mm
Microwave
10-4 m
0.1 mm
100 mm
Human hair
~ mm wide
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm
10 mm
Pollen grain
Infrared
Red blood cells
Red blood cells
with white cell
~ 2-5 mm
1,000 nanometers =
Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outer ring spacing ~35 nm
10-6 m
1 micrometer (mm)
Visible
Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.
0.1 mm
100 nm
10-7 m
Ultraviolet
Self-assembled,
Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm
Nanoworld
10-8 m
0.01 mm
10 nm
~10 nm diameter
Nanotube electrode
ATP synthase
10-9 m
1 nanometer (nm)
Carbon buckyball
~1 nm diameter
Soft x-ray
Carbon nanotube
~1.3 nm diameter
DNA
~2-1/2 nm diameter
10-10 m
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Atoms of silicon
spacing ~tenths of nm
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Office of Science, U.S. DOE
Version , pmd

7. The “Fathers” of Nanotechnology
Richard Feynman
Courtesy of LASSP Cornell University
K. Eric Drexler
Courtesy of Foresight Institute

8. A Timeline of Nanotechnology
Feynman gives lecture titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” describing molecular machines building with atomic precision
Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining.
Drexler originates molecular nanotechnology concepts at MIT.
Drexler gives the first technical paper on molecular engineering to build with atomic precision; Scanning Tunneling Microscope invented.
Buckyball discovered.
First book published- “Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology” by Eric Drexler; Atomic Force Microscope invented, First organization formed- the Foresight Institute.
First protein engineered, First university symposium
First university course
IBM logo spelled in individual atoms, First national conference
First nanotechnology journal, Japan's STA begins funding nanotech projects
Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atom factory,“ IBM endorses bottom-up path, Japan's MITI commits $200 million, Carbon nanotube discovered
First textbook published, First Congressional testimony
First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology awarded, First coverage of nanotech from White House, "Engines of Creation" book given to Rice administration, stimulating first university nanotech center
Nanosystems textbook used in first university course, US Science Advisor advocates nanotechnology
First think tank report, First industry analysis of military applications
$250,000 Feynman Grand Prize announced, First European conference, NASA begins work in computational nanotech, First nanobio conference
First company founded: Zyvex, First design of nanorobotic system
First NSF forum, held in conjunction with Foresight Conference, First DNA-based nanomechanical device
First Nanomedicine book published, First safety guidelines, Congressional hearings on proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative
President Clinton announces U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative, First state research initiative: $100 million in California
First report on nanotech industry, U.S. announces first center for military applications
First nanotech industry conference, Regional nanotech efforts multiply
Congressional hearings on societal implications, Call for balancing NNI research portfolio, Drexler/Smalley debate is published in Chemical & Engineering News
First policy conference on advanced nanotech, First center for nanomechanical systems
At Nanoethics meeting, Roco announces nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached 300
The next milestone comes in 1981, when MIT graduate student K. Eric Drexler, inspired by Feynman, published an article called "Protein design as a pathway to molecular manufacturing." This is followed by Drexler's definitive 1986 book, Engines of Creation,
Renowned, Nobel-Prize winning physicist and teacher at Caltech, Richard P. Feynman is arguably the “Father” of nanotechnology. In a 1959 lecture titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” he first began envisioning microscopic computers, atomic re-arrangement, and nanomachines. He predicted that an entire encyclopedia would one day fit on the head of a pin, and a library with all of the world’s books would fit in three square yards.
However, there is debate as to another father, that is, Eric Drexler. It was in 1977, while an undergrad at MIT that he coined the term “nanotechnology,” and forecasted the day when a sea of minuscule robots would move and position molecules so quickly and precisely that they could produce almost any substance out of ordinary ingredients in a matter of hours. These same tiny machines could flow through the bloodstream and cure diseases, or float through the air and eradicate pollutants.
LASSP Cornell University
Foresight Institute

9. How is nanotechnology used?
Common uses
Nanopowders (paint, insulation, magnets, video displays) and nanomaterials (pants, sunscreen)
Courtesy of Allheart.com
Other, less common uses include…
Molecular precision (placing individual molecules, or even atoms), solar cells, light emitting diodes
Scanning Tunneling Microscope, Atomic Force Microscope, electron microscopes, nanomanipulators, nanotweezers (nanotube chopsticks), nanotubes
Processes: plasma arcing, vapor deposition, ball milling, self-assembly, nano-lithography, protein folding and interaction (self-assembly), biomimicry/small rod logic
Courtesy of SPS Createc
Courtesy of 3D Visualization System Venus
Courtesy of Howstuffworks

10. Courtesy of Small Times
Nanotechnology today I
Government backing
December 3, President bush signs into law the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act.
In Fiscal Year (FY) 2004, the President requested $849 million for nanotechnology R&D across 10 federal agencies--a 10% increase over the amount requested in FY 2003.
Nanotechnology research has been a priority for the Administration for the last three years. Overall funding for nanotechnology research has increased by 83% since 2001.
Courtesy of Small Times
In the media
Magazines, periodicals, etc.
Books
Television, movies
Courtesy of Wiley
Courtesy of Ushering in Banality
Courtesy of Heise Medien Gruppe
Other
Conferences, like EuroNano Form 2005
Organizations
In other words, nanotechnology is growing in popularity…

11. Future of Nanotechnology

12. Future of nanotechnology knows no limits… there are endless benefits.
Benefit humanity greatly- fight disease, lengthen life, end starvation, etc.
Industrial Revolution?
Nanotechnology spills over into virtually every field…
Courtesy of Zeitlinien

13. In conclusion…
“The four stages of response to any new and revolutionary development:
1. It’s crazy!
2. It may be possible- so what?
3. I said it was a good idea all along.
4. I thought of it first.”
- Arthur C. Clarke

14. Works Cited The Foresight Institute http://www.foresight.org
American Institute of Physics
Dictionary.com
Jonathan Trent
Miguel Aznar