2. PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUND Pertemuan 1 Matakuliah: G0332/English Phonology Tahun: 2007

3. Bina Nusantara Pharynx: a tube (7-8 cm) above the larynx, its top end is divided into two : one part is the back of the mouth and the other part is the way through the nasal cavity. Velum or Soft Palate: the position allows air to pass through the nose and through the mouth. Hard Palate or “the roof of the mouth” Alveolar ridge is between the top front teeth and the hard palate. Tongue can be moved to many different places and different shapes. Tongue has several parts: tip, blade, front, back and root. ARTICULATORS 3

4. Bina Nusantara Teeth (upper and lower) Lips (upper and lower) The seven articulators are the main ones used in speech, but there are three other things to remember: Larynx or ‘Adam’s apple’ where the vocal cords locate Jaws Nose and nasal cavity These three are different because they don’t make contact with other articulators. ARTICULATORS 4

5. Bina Nusantara SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION 3 kinds of writing systems: 1.One symbol for each syllable ex. Cherokee, Japanese 2.One symbol for each morpheme ex. Chinese 3.Letters stand for phoneme (phonemic system) ex. English, Indonesian

6. Bina Nusantara Relation between Spelling and Pronunciation 1. A single letter represent different sounds: Dame – dad – father – call – village – many 2.Different letters may represent a single sounds: To – too – two – through – threw – clue – shoe 3.A combination of letters may represent a single sound: Shoot – either – character – deal – Thomas 4.Some letters may have no sound at all: Mnemonic – whole – resign – ghost – psychology 5.Some sound are not represented in spelling Cute – futile – utility 6. One letter may represent two sounds: xerox

7. Bina Nusantara Spelling and Pronunciation Since we can’t depend on spelling to describe the sounds of English, a phonetic alphabet should be made. International Phonetics Association (IPA) develop a phonetic alphabet that can be used to symbolize the sounds found in all languages. IPA phonetic symbols are based on the Roman letters like that used in English writing system

8. Bina Nusantara Phonetic Alphabet Consonant (p, b, m, f, v, ɵ, ð, ʃ, ʒ, t, d, n, s, z, ʧ, ʤ, ʍ, k, g, ŋ, h, l, r, j, w ) Pill, bill, mill, feel, veal, thigh, thy, shill, azure, till, dill, nil, seal, zeal, chill, Jill, which, kill, gill, ring, heal, leaf, reef, you, witch. Vowels (I, e, u, o, æ, ʌ, ai, oi, I, ɛ, u, ɔ, a, ǝ ) Beet, bait, boot, boat, but, butt, bite, boy, bit, bet, foot, bore, pot, sofa, bout.