1. Section 3 Basic Maneuvering Tasks: Low ,
Moderate & Complex Risk Driving Environments

2. Bell Ringer Write a half a page red to red.
Recall the 4 ways you may use to turn your vehicle around, and explain each using a step-by-step process.
Try to do it without your notes first.

3. Day 2 Objectives
The students will understand the two basic requirements for driving
The students will be able to explain the components of space management method use in VA.
The students will be able to list the 3 visual functions
The students will be able to explain the visual search process when driving
The students will understand how to manage visibility, time and space
The students will understand appropriate intersection search patterns
The students will understand how to cross and join traffic at intersections
The students will be able to define and explain ground viewing
Related SOL: DE.4, DE.5, DE.6, DE.7, and DE.12

4. The purpose of this lesson is to help students understand the ways that they can control risk to the front. Some of these are:
Adjusting lane position
Timing their arrival at a given point
Ensuring correct placement of the vehicle when stopping
Controlling speed
Identifying an alternate route of travel seconds in advance.

5. Basic Requirements for Driving
Driver Requirements
Visibility, space, and time to perform all maneuvers in traffic whether crossing, turning, passing, or adjusting speed and/or position
Vehicle Requirements
Vehicle needs the time to do the maneuver, space to perform the maneuver, and adequate traction to control the maneuver

6. What are the components of Space Management in VA.?
Search for objects or conditions that could limit the line of sight.
Evaluate the path ahead for alternate paths of travel
Prepare to make adjustments in speed and/or position (Execute it)

7. Area a Driver Can See While Looking Straight Ahead
Field of Vision
Area a Driver Can See While Looking Straight Ahead
90 percent of driving decisions are based on information gathered with the eyes.

8. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Focus Vision Area (Focal)
Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when:
Targeting
Establishing a Visual Lead
Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals

9. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe)
30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes:
Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway
Viewing Path of Travel
Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area

10. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area)
degrees of useful information that detects:
Motion Changes
Color Changes

11. Visual Search Process
The first space management skill a driver must develop is an effective visual search process. Searching includes:
Where to search
When to search
How to search
What to search for

12. Where to Search
Where to search involves identifying objects or conditions ahead of vehicle that could increase your level of risk and adjusting your speed or vehicle position in time to minimize these risks.

13. When to Search
When to search involves systematically scanning the driving environment. The defensive driver constantly monitors the conditions around the vehicle, especially before initiating any maneuver

14. How to Search
How to search involves looking in a pattern that goes from 20 – 30 seconds ahead of the vehicle to the dashboard, as well as to the left, right, and to the rear of the vehicle.

15. What to Search for The types of elements that drivers
search for on the highway:
Traffic Controls
Motor Vehicles
Non-Motorized Users
Highway
Conditions

16. What Highway Conditions Should You Look For?
Sensory Input to the Brain ? ? ? ? ? ?

17. Highway Conditions Roadway Surface Roughness Slick Wet Leaves Mud Sand
Roadway Structure
Width
Curbing
Curves
Slopes
Roadway Features
Shoulders
Affixed Objects
Adjacent Buildings
Atmosphere
Illumination
Glare
Precipitation
Wind/Noise
Intersections

18. TRAFFIC CONTROLS What Traffic Controls Should You Look For? ? ? ?
Sensory Input to the Brain ? ? ?

19. Traffic Controls Signs Interchanges Signals Unmarked Intersections
Regulatory
Warning
Guide RR
Sensory Input to the Brain
Interchanges
Signals
Stop/Go
Lane Usage
Flashing
Unmarked Intersections
Roadway Markings
Passing
Traffic Flow
Crosswalks

20. Motor Vehicles What Motor Vehicles Should You Look For? ?
Sensory Input to the Brain ?

21. Road Handling Characteristics
Motor Vehicles
Drivers must understand the handling characteristics of other motor vehicles sharing the roadway.
Type
Automobile
SUV
Camper
Pick-up
Motor Home
Motorcycle
Farm Machines
Tractor-Trailer
Road Handling Characteristics

22. ? ? NON-MOTORIZED What Non-Motorized Users Should You Look For? USERS
Sensory Input to the Brain ? ? ? ?

23. Non-Motorized Users present special processing challenges Bicycles
Animals
KIND AND SIZE
NUMBERS
AGE OF RIDER
ACTIVITY
RIDER ABILITY
In-Line Skates,
Skateboards
Pedestrians

24. Managing Visibility, Time and Space
20- to 30-Second Search Area
Search far ahead to identify potential conflicts
Awareness Zone
Objects in Path of Travel
Limitations to Line of Sight
Target Area
20- to 30-sec.
12- to 15-sec.
4- to 8-sec.

25. Managing Visibility, Time and Space
12- to 15-Second Search Area
Search for Closed or Changing Path of Travel
Identify an Alternate Path of Travel or a Safe Stopping Zone
Identify objects that require a change in speed or direction
Evaluate Open Zones to the Sides and Rear
12- to 15-sec.
20- to 30-sec.
4- to 8-sec.

26. Searching 4-8 seconds ahead
4 seconds – represents the following distance
8 seconds area - provides for a safe stopping distance under most conditions
4-8 seconds

27. Maintaining Space/Visibility to the Front
Three ways to control space in front of the vehicle:
1. Time your Arrival – adjust speed early to avoid unnecessary braking, stops, and to conserve fuel
2. Forward Placement at an Intersection – maintain a position that allows you to monitor the intersection
3. Following Interval -- control space while in motion to establish a space cushion and open line of sight

28. Use the SEE-it method to explain this intersection.
Class Work 1
Use the SEE-it method to explain this intersection.

29. Intersections

30. Intersection Search Patterns
Intersection Approach:
Step 1 (Search)
Identify intersection
Identify controls
Check rear areas
Search for intersection problems

31. Intersection Search Patterns
Intersection Approach:
Step 2 (Evaluate)
Scan path of travel 1st
Scan all other areas
Look for closed or changing frontal areas

32. Intersection Search Patterns
Intersection Approach:
Step 3 (Execute)
Adjust speed
Maintain lane position
Stop behind crosswalk, or
Proceed through open space area
in Time

33. Straddle Lane Positions
Create Space and Improve Visibility by Adjusting the Position of the Vehicle in the Lane
Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
Within Lane Positions
Straddle Lane Positions
LP 4
LP 2
LP 1
LP 3
LP 5

34. Intersections
Risk is increased at intersections controlled by stop signs when joining and/or crossing multi-lane traffic.
No Parking

35. Intersections Controlled by Traffic Signals
Check for the following
Oncoming vehicles making a left turn
Pedestrians and cyclists in crosswalk
Cross Traffic

36. Intersections Controlled by Traffic Signals
Make sure there is space available before moving into the intersection for a left turn.

37. Intersections Controlled by Traffic Signals
Count to three before moving
Why?

38. Intersections Controlled by a Yield Sign
Important to judge the distance/speed of approaching traffic.
Make sure there is ample space so that you may join or cross traffic safely

39. Crossing and Joining Traffic at Intersections
Crossing or joining traffic traveling at high speeds require larger gaps when traveling at higher speeds.

40. Ample Space for Crossing Traffic
At a brisk rate of acceleration, crossing a 2 lane roadway 30 feet wide requires a gap of about six or more seconds.
For an approaching vehicle traveling 30 mph, it is 264 feet, or about a half a block.
At 55 mph, the same vehicle would travel 528 feet.

41. Ample Space for Crossing Traffic
60 MPH=6sec/528 ft.
30 MPH=6sec/264 ft.

42. Ample Space for Right Turns
If turning right into traffic traveling 30 mph, a gap of about 8 or more seconds, 352 feet, is needed.
With traffic traveling 55 mph, a gap of about 11 seconds, 880 feet, is needed.

43. Ample Space for Right Turns
55 MPH=11 sec/880 ft.
30 MPH=8 sec/352 ft.

44. Ample Space for Left Turns
Similar to right turns, but more complex problems exist because you must first cross the lanes of traffic traveling from left to right….when it is safe.
Do not write this slide

45. Ample Space for Left Turns
You need a gap of about 6 seconds to cross the 2 lanes moving left to right. If traffic moving right to left is traveling 30 mph, a gap of 14 or more seconds ,484 feet, is needed.
With traffic traveling 55 mph, a gap of 17 or more seconds , 1130 feet is needed.

46. Ample Space for Turning Left
30 MPH = 14 sec/484 ft.
55 MPH = 17sec /1130 ft.

47. When Stopping
Always check the rearview mirror when getting ready to stop
Tap brakes to flash the lights to alert others

48. When Stopping Ground Viewing:
You should be able to see the rear wheels of the car in front of you touching the ground.

49. Mirror Usage When Turning
Check before any change of speed or position is made so that you can control rear and side space.

50. Class Work 2 Read pages 176-180 Answers questions 1-4 on page 180
Write in complete sentences when responding to the questions.
Turn in work by the end of class!!

51. THE END!!