2.  Organic compound = compound that contains carbon  Except: ◦ CO 2 ◦ CO

3.  4 valence electrons...  So it can have 4 covalent bonds

4. ◦ Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms by using single, double and triple bonds. ◦ Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. –Straight chain, branched or rings

5. Chemical Formula: CH 4 CO 2 H20H20 NH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Structural Formula:

6. Terms Macromolecules: The 4 molecules of life are called macromolecules (large) – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids Monomer = building blocks Polymer = large compound made up of smaller monomers

8.  They are the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule  They are clusters of atoms that influence the properties of the molecules they compose Hydroxyl Group -OH Carboxyl Group -COOH Amino Group -NH 2 Carbonyl Group -C=O

9. Contain: Functional groups: C, H, and O -OH (hydroxyl) -C=O (carbonyl) Function: Source of Energy

10. Monomer Polymer = Monosaccharide (simple sugar) = Disaccharides and polysaccharides

11. simple sugars contain C, H, & O in a 1:2:1 ratio Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 3 Most Common 1 2 1 1.Glucose 2.Fructose 3.Galactose = fuel for cells = sweetest = milk sugar http://www.insideweightloss.info/blog/diet-tips-%E2%80%93-all-about-sugar/

14. Isomer= compounds with the SAME chemical formula, but different structural formulas Example: glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers of each other... C 6 H 12 O 6

15.  Is a double sugar formed when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration synthesis rxn 3 Types 1.Maltose 2.Sucrose 3.Lactose = glucose + glucose = glucose + fructose = glucose + galactose

17. Fructose

18.  Is a complex molecule made of 3 or more monosaccharides 3 Types 1.starch 2.glycogen 3.cellulose = sugar storage in plants = sugar storage in animals (in muscles) = structural component to plant cells (cell wall)

20. Contain: C, H, O, and N Function: 1. Structural component to living things (helps build muscle mass) 2. Control cell processes and reactions (enzymes)

21. Monomer Polymer = amino acid = protein (folded polypeptide chain)

22. Contains 2 functional groups -NH 2 (amino group) and -COOH (carboxyl group) General aa structure R-group = different for each type of amino acid There are 20 different amino acids

24. 20 different amino acids: http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna/a/translation/aminoacids.html “Protein alphabet”

25.  Amino acids join by a dehydration synthesis rxn to form dipeptides and polypeptides

26. Primary Structure 1. Form a chain of aa Secondary Structure 2. Twist or fold the chain of aa (alpha helix or pleated sheet) Tertiary structure 3. Fold the chain onto itself (globular subunit) Quaternary Structure 4. Bring 2 to 4 aa subunits together

27. Correct folding is critical. If conditions are not right (temp, pH), this process will not take place or can be reversed (denaturation) and proteins cannot funciton!

28.  Enzymes are made of proteins.  They help speed up reactions and are UNCHANGED by the reaction. Image from: http://www.cas.muohio.edu/~wilsonkg/old/gene2005/syllabus_F03_23.jpg

29. Contain:C, H, and O Function: Depends on type http://www.red-spirit-energy-healing.com/essential-fats.html

30. Lipids are not typical monomers and polymers

31. Most contain (“monomer”): Glycerol and fatty acid

32. =long hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group attached

33. --Saturated  C are full of H (no double bonds) --Unsaturated  C are NOT full of H (double bonds)

35. Types of Lipids (“polymers”): Function Storage of energy STRUCTURE 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol 1. Triglyceride

36. Types of Lipids (“polymers”): Function Component of cell membranes STRUCTURE 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group, 1 glycerol 2. Phospholipid Image from: http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect02.htm

37. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lectures f04am/lect02.htm Types of Lipids (“polymers”): Function 1. Component of cell membranes (cholesterol) 2. Starting material for sex hormones STRUCTURE 4 fused rings with functional group attached 3. Steroids

38. Contain: Functional groups: C, H, O, N, P None that we discussed Function: 1. Store and transmit info to carry out cell processes and make protein 2. Transmit genetic info from one generation to the next

39. Monomer Polymer = nucleotide = Nucleic acid 1. Sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen base 2 types: 1. DNA 2. RNA Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna