An Introduction to the Incident Management System.

An Introduction to the Incident Management System

IMS Course Overview 1. Introduction to the IMS Course
11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment 2. Introduction to the IMS & the Incident Commander 12. Salvage 13. Overhaul 3. The Command Structure 14. Size-Up & Exposure Protection 15. Accountability & Entry Control 4. Risk Management 16. Rehabilitation 5. Apparatus Placement 17. Post Incident Analysis & Review 6. Water Supply 18. Personnel Accountability Reports 7. Forcible Entry 19. Evacuation & R.I.T. 8. Ventilation 9. Rescue 20. Fire Ground Scenarios 10. Victim Stabilization & Removal Appendices & Miscellaneous Exit Ice Breakers!

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1. Introduction to the IMS Course
Welcome! Introductions

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2. Introduction to the IMS & the Incident Commander
(LG-3) Prior to the Incident Command and the IMS fire departments had a LOT of good luck. Examples… (flipchart)

Why do we have an IMS? One person command
Too many cooks spoil the broth! IC’s may change, but always, only ONE person in charge Ensures that a strong command is visible Lawsuits often center around this Establishes an effective organization Effectiveness & efficiency are operative words Provides a system for processing information IC, even at a simple house fire, can be overloaded with information Allows for an orderly Transfer of Command A formal process (will be dealt with later) Ensures the maximum level of firefighter safety We are NUMBER 1

The Incident Commander
What are the traits of a good Incident Commander? (Flipchart) The IC must concentrate on three main job components: The IC must be a communicator The IC must be risk manager The IC must be a decision maker The IC must develop traits and habits that support these three characteristics Let’s now take a look at the profile of a good IC…

Profile of an Effective IC
Implements effective action/continual focus on standard outcomes Technically competent/street smart Disciplined and consistent/flexible and responsive High consciousness and awareness level/good intuition Strong tactical focus/manages distractions and stress effectively

Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)
Psychologically stable/cool head Risk/safety manager -- always reflects concern for personnel & customers Information manager/quick decider/organized and logical thinker Straight forward communicator – talks clearly & listens critically Command competent: system activator – SOP manager

Profile of an Effective IC (cont’d)
Focus on function/strong ego control Strong delegator (continually assists/coaches subordinates) Develops, uses and escalates organizational elements to fit situation Invents creative and innovative solutions Maintains effective command presence

Primary Responsibilities
What is the primary responsibility of the IC? (Flipchart) 1. To ensure that the Tactical Priorities are met. The primary responsibility of the IC is to COMMAND. This requires leadership. The leader/commander must fulfill the tactical priorities. He/She must form and Incident Action Plan that facilitates them.

What are the Tactical Priorities?
(Flipchart) Rescue Stabilize the scene i.e. extinguishment etc. Property Conservation Firefighter Safety – CORE VALUE! These priorities never change. The order in which they are accomplished may. Eg. It may be necessary to fight the fire in order to perform the rescue. While the order of activities may change, the priorities will not. Is Firefighter Safety a “priority” or a “core value?”

FIREFIGHTER SAFETY AS A CORE VALUE
Every decision is filtered through the following question: What affect will this have on firefighter safety? If the action enhances or has no affect, continue If the action puts the firefighters in more jeopardy, apply the risk benefit analysis A valid argument could be made that this core value may be semantics or simple rhetoric. However, if ICs cultivate the habit of this filtered thinking, the over-all emergency will be made safer, and most probably more efficient.

Risk/Benefit Analysis
Is there a worthwhile benefit to be gained? Is it likely to succeed? How can the risk be minimized? Fewest possible firefighters exposed Limit exposure Rescue plan for firefighters Back-up rescue plan for firefighters There will be more on risk analysis and management later in the course.

Reporting Benchmarks It is critical to understand the use and importance of “Benchmarks” in the Incident Management System. We may accomplish the tactical priorities out of order but that doesn’t change the way we rank their importance. As a result, the following benchmarks are always reported in the following order: Primary Search – All Clear Under Control (meaning, fire) Secondary Search – All Clear Loss Stopped (meaning, no more damage)

Functions of Command What does the IC have to do on arrival & while on scene? Assume command and announce it!!! Do an initial size-up Set up a Command Post and announce it!!! Initiate and control communications Determine strategy and develop the Action Plan assign companies Develop an effective Incident Management organization Provide the Tactical Priorities Provide continuity in Transfer and Termination of Command

Who Takes Initial Command?
Usually the first arriving Officer (follow SOG’s) - this may not be an Officer in a volunteer dept. Whoever it is it is imperative that communications knows who and where Radio Reports: (to be discussed later) The first arriving fire department personnel should take command of the scene. They are professional responders, no matter their level of experience. The actions they take should be commensurate with their level of expertise, however event the rawest member can tell people not to enter a burning building, and can ask them to stay at a safe distance from the scene. Time for Quiz #1! (Page 7)

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3. The Command Structure (LG-8) The beauty of an IMS is that it is versatile: anything from a dumpster fire to a complex fire in a high rise can be handled. Each incident should be approached in a systematic, effective manner. The term “Command Structure” simply means how we set up a command system at a fire that suits the size and complexity of the incident.

Levels of Command Whatever the incident, there are always 3 levels of command… Strategic Tactical Task

Strategic What does the term “strategy” mean to you?
According to the Oxford Dictionary “strategy” means… Generalship, the art of war, management of an army or armies in a campaign, art of so moving or disposing troops or ships or aircraft as to impose upon the enemy the place and time and conditions for fighting preferred by oneself; instance of or plan formed to according to; this, hence - Generalship Only the I.C. can determine strategy. This requires knowledge, skill, and experience. Do not confuse experience with seniority. Experience can be gained in many ways, but primarily by learning at every opportunity. Listening and discussing incidents, even those from other departments helps season a fire department officer. Tactics are how the strategy is translated into action. In order for this to happen the I.C. requires clear-headed organizational skills. Those who can do this well are said to have command presence. This is a quality that is hard to define, but is an essential part of leadership. Developing strategy, and implementing tactics are ways to manage the emergency. The truth is however, you can manage the hell out of scene, and that won’t put the fire out! That requires strong sweaty people who actually do the work. Good fire service leaders understand that while the organizational charts may appear to put the I.C. at the top of the pyramid, the picture ought really to be inverse. That is, the point of the pyramid should be at the bottom, with the sector officers layered atop that, and the workers should be at the broadest part. Everything that the management level personnel do, both IC and sector officers, is done to support the work being done by the firefighters, the ones actually getting the job done! This is where the “Big Plan” is put together…

Strategic Approaches At the Strategic level, there are 3 terms that are indicative of the IC’s overall approach to the incident. They are… Offensive – Aggressive, usually interior, fire attack that is intended to stop the fire at its current location. As a general rule, the IC should extend an offensive attack only where and when conditions permit, and adequate resources are available. Defensive – Exterior fire attack with emphasis on exposure protection. The commitment of a fire department’s resources to protect exposures when the fire has progressed to a point where an offensive attack is not effective. Mostly these are easy decisions. Lots of fire throughout the structure, apparently unoccupied, let’s go defensive. Middle of the night, single family occupied residence, fire seems to be room and contents, offensive attack is warranted. Every now and then however, you get one where there is a lot of fire, in a large portion of the building. But there is a car in the driveway, and a skateboard on the porch. Theses are the decisions that try an IC’s soul. Arguments for defensive, and offensive arguments collide. Only you can make the call. Whatever your decision, you have to live with it, and no one can tell you what to do, because the situational factors will vary. The only advice is remember the core value, and balance that against the best risk benefit analysis you can muster. And have confidence in yourself and your crew. Marginal – Many times offensive/defensive conditions are clear cut and Command can quickly determine the appropriate strategy. In other cases, the situation is MARGINAL and Command must initiate an offensive interior attack, while setting up defensive positions on the exterior. Source:

Strategic Integration
The 3 terms discussed in the previous slide – Offensive, Defensive & Marginal are reflective of a “risk/benefit” analysis that ultimately drives the incident Action Plan. This Action Plan must be formulated within a structured risk management plan. Source:

Tactical What does the term “tactical” mean to you?
Operational objectives are assigned at this level. Objectives have to accomplish the Strategy.

Task What does the term “task” mean to you?
This is where the job or work gets done. Now, let’s look at some of the responsibilities we could find at each level…

Responsibilities at Each Level of a Scene
2 Story Detached Dwelling Pump 3 Garage Pump 1 Rescue 1 Chief Pump 2 D/Chief This incident can be divided into the Three Levels of Command. An Action Plan can be developed that includes strategic and tactical objectives along with support activities that bring this incident to a successful completion.

Strategic Responsibilities
2 Story Detached Dwelling Pump 3 Garage Pump 1 Rescue 1 Chief Pump 2 D/Chief Strategic Level Develop Action Plan: determine strategy & overall incident objectives; set priorities; obtain & assign resources; predict outcomes and planning; assign specific objectives to the Tactical Level

Tactical Responsibilities
2 Story Detached Dwelling Pump 3 Garage Pump 1 Rescue 1 Chief Pump 2 D/Chief Tactical Level Direct activities toward specific objectives: responsible for geographic “areas” or functions; has responsibility & authority to meet strategic goals

Task Responsibilities
2 Story Detached Dwelling Pump 3 Garage Pump 1 Rescue 1 Chief Pump 2 D/Chief Task Level Individual companies – “where the rubber meets the road”: usually commanded by a company Officer; goal is to accomplish tactical objectives Any Questions to this Point???

Sectoring What does the term “sectoring” mean to you? Why would we use sectoring and what are the types? Types: Geographical Function

Geographical Sectoring
Often used in conjunction with locations around a structure. Alfa – Bravo – Charlie – Delta If the Alpha side is not readily apparent, the IC must designate. E.g. a building has addresses on two streets. Another similar situation would be when the floor levels are not clearly apparent. E.g. a split level condo with a garage at street level, and the living spaces above. Which is the first floor? Many high rise buildings will have one or two levels of commercial occupancies beginning at street level, an atrium that continues two floors above that, and then fifteen stories of residential suites. On the elevator the first floor may be listed as the first floor of apartments.

GEOGRAPHIC SECTORING OH#1 C (3) HOUSE GARAGE D (4) B (2) A (1) STREET

Function Sectoring Identities are assigned based on the task. Can be termed as follows: Search & Rescue Team 1 Suppression Team 1 Ventilation 1 Water Supply What are some advantages or disadvantages of geographical or functional sectoring?

Command Organization How does all of this look organizationally?
Should there not be differences between small, medium and large scale incidents? “Span of Control” criterion: once over 3-5 FF’s In fact, there are differences…but, some important similarities as well. (See page 11 of the Learner Guide… and the next slide…)

IN ALL THREE EXAMPLES WHO IS STRATEGIC, TACTICAL AND TASK OFFICER?
OH #2 LEVELS OF COMMAND IN ALL THREE EXAMPLES WHO IS STRATEGIC, TACTICAL AND TASK OFFICER? EXAMPLE #1 P1 CO P1 CO EXAMPLE #2 CO CO P2 R1 EXAMPLE #3 IC CHIEF DISTRICT CHIEF DISTRICT CHIEF VENTILATION SECTOR FIRE CONTROL SECTOR R1 P2 P3 A1 CO’S CO’S

Establishing Command Usually the first arriving Officer stays in Command until a transfer or the scene is stabilized. Question… (hmmm…) The first on-scene Officer has been in control of an incident since the start. He/she is doing a good job. A more senior Officer arrives at the scene but chooses not to assume Command because the first Officer is doing well. Who is responsible for the fire? A company officer is doing a good job as IC. The Platoon Chief arrives, recognizes that the Captain is doing well, and allows her to continue. Wise officers will often do this to help develop young officers. The senior officer assumes the responsibility if they had the authority to take command and didn’t. What are your thoughts? Remember, You can share authority, NOT responsibility!

Initial Radio Reports The initial radio report is very important. It starts the incident off on the right foot. Vehicle designation – “P-31 Arrived” Address – “20 Spruce St.” Building type – “2-story residential brick structure” Obvious conditions – “smoke showing at front” Initial actions taken – “have established water supply and beginning primary search” Declaration of Strategy “commencing Offensive Attack” Obvious safety concerns – “heavy traffic, need police” Assume command & give location – “Capt. Sparky establishing Command, Alfa-Delta side” Request or release resources – “Control, Spruce Command. Dispatch EMS to this location” It is unreasonable for ICs to rhyme this information off as a set piece. It is often more practical to break it into several messages delivered shortly after arrival. It is more important to be accurate than quick.

Command Modes There are 3 possible Command Modes upon arrival:
Nothing Showing Mode Fast Attack Mode Command Mode

Nothing Showing Mode … also known as “Investigative Mode”
What are some features of this mode? Take crew, portable radio and check out the situation Stage additional arriving apparatus An argument can be made that this is the most dangerous mode in which we operate. It is difficult to be prepared when there is no apparent hazard. It is up to the officer to be diligent about maintaining crew discipline. Every time: full PPE, SCBA, PASS alarms armed, flash hoods ready, gloves on. Every time. No matter what the temperature outside. No matter how many false alarms at this address. Every time. The message to the troops is: “Like it or not, I care about your safety, and I’m going to make sure I do everything I can to get you home in one piece.”

Fast Attack Mode “What you do in the first 5 minutes often determines what you will be doing for the next 5 hours.” - Brunacini What are some features of this mode? Situations where immediate action is required Retain radio and maintain Command Should not last longer than a few minutes – you cannot maintain Command from inside a structure There are times when line officers, lieutenants or captains, complain that this whole IMS thing is a great idea for the district chiefs, or platoon chiefs and other bosses. But it doesn’t affect me, because I’m only in charge for the first five minutes, until one of them shows up. Chief Brunacini would disagree.

When do we use Fast Attack Mode?
Critical life safety situations… rescue Offensive attack in “marginal” situations Any incident where FF safety or welfare are of concern Obvious working situations that require further investigation by the Officer When does Fast Attack Mode end? Situation is stabilized The situation is NOT stabilized and the IC must withdraw to establish a Command Post, crew may be withdrawn also, especially if they have no radios Command is transferred to a more senior Officer

Command Mode What kind of incidents would require establishing
Command Mode immediately? Situations that are obviously large from the outset IC establishes a Command Post immediately A “Tactical Worksheet” is activated at this point! This is the safest mode of operation. One of the most important advantages is that there is some distance between the scene and the command post. The fact that there is some quiet space available so that the radio can be heard cannot be overstated. Many indents have ended badly for firefighters because their radio messages went unheeded. The CP does not have to be a full size RV, or even an SUV. It should however have some permanent location. A folding table and a couple of chairs will work. If it affords some protection from the elements that is an improvement, but even without that luxury, a command post is a big advantage. It should be located in a spot that affords the best vantage point. Some distance away, and on a corner is good, as it allows two sides to be observed. It needs to be away from danger, including smoke. After all we may have responders from other agencies meeting with the IC. Further, the IC should not have to worry about his/her own safety. Their prime concern should be for the safety of the crews. Look at the OFM TACTICAL WORKSHEET found under Appendix “F” in your Learner manual.

Command Options for the IC
What are some of the options available to the IC at the point Command Mode is established? Assign the remainder of the crew to carry out tasks – appoint one of the crew as the acting Company Officer – provide the crew with radios Assign the crew to work under the supervision of another arriving Company Officer Assign the crew to staff positions to assist Command

Passing Command What is passing Command?
A system to assign the command responsibility to another Company Officer Why do we pass Command? The initial Company Officer may be in Fast Attack Mode and it is taking longer than expected You CAN’T command from inside the structure! How do we pass Command? The initial Company Officer radios from inside to the next arriving Officer The Officer to whom Command is being given should be on scene and not enroute!

Transferring Command What is Transferring Command?
A more formal method than “passing” Command Should be included in Department SOG’s Happens at larger incidents when a more senior Officer arrives and wants to assume Command Face-to-face is best but can be done via radio Important: the new IC must receive all the “relevant” information from the outgoing IC Question: What kind of information is relevant? Passing Command is done when time sensitive activities are required that demand the task level participation of the officer. There is no time to brief the IC. Transferring command is only done after a briefing, and involves a formal announcement from the new commander.

Additional Fire Ground Components
Incident Safety Officer (ISO) Risk management consultant Advisor to IC re: risks Provides situation overview & its risks Dept. OG’s should include ISO Rapid Intervention Team (R.I.T.) A standby team for FF rescue Specially trained Excused from normal fire ground duties & tasks Entry Control (part of Accountability) Keeps track of FF’s in the Danger Zone (continued….)

Additional Fire Ground Components
Rehab Rest, hydration, cool-off (e.g. forearm immersion) Sector Officers monitor FF’s and send to Rehab Staging Is a Sector – may have Officer assigned to Staging Additional apparatus, equipment & manpower Reports to IC Also a part of Accountability Fire Ground Incident Technician (F.I.T.) This is an “assistant” or a “scribe” to work with the IC Can be a VALUABLE helper for the IC! So what does all this look like organizationally?

FIRE GROUND SCHEMATIC ENTRY CONTROL INCIDENT COMMANDER ISO RIT REHAB
OH #3 FIRE GROUND SCHEMATIC STRATEGIC ENTRY CONTROL INCIDENT COMMANDER ISO RIT REHAB OUTSIDE AGENCIES STAGING TACTICAL RESCUE SECTOR FIRE CONTROL SECTOR P1 R1 A1 P2 TASK

Command Structure Quiz
Time for Quiz #2! (Page 18)

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4. Risk Management Some questions to ponder… (hmmm…)
(LG-21) Some questions to ponder… (hmmm…) How much risk is acceptable? Who decides what amount of risk is acceptable? What is a risk assessment based on? Who determines what risks are present? What is the role of the ISO in risk assessment? What is the role of the Officers in risk assessment? What is the role of the firefighters in risk assessment? Why is a proper risk assessment necessary?

About Risk There will always be risk in the job we do. However, needless risk is unacceptable as it both injures and kills firefighters. Who is responsible for assessing risk at an emergency scene? First arriving Officer ISO All firefighters and Officers Ultimately, the IC

About Risk What is risk assessment? It is NOT: guesswork or something we do only sometimes. It is on-going. What it is: assessing risk at each call and basing decisions on that assessment primary search at one incident may not have the same risk factors associated with another call; e.g. primary search above the fire must be a part of the department “culture” must be outlined in departmental OG’s

Operating Procedures vs. Operating Guidelines
What is the difference between these two concepts? Procedures can potentially be limiting Guidelines give Officers and firefighters more space to move in

Acceptable Risk Who determines the level of acceptable risk?
The IC has to determine the level of acceptable risk based on an on-going size-up He must ensure that acceptable levels are NOT exceeded What is an “acceptable” level of risk? Significant calculated risk to save a life Some risk to save property NO RISK to save something that can’t be saved

The IC and Risk Management: Questions to Ask
Does the size, location and size of the fire warrant an offensive fire attack? Do I have enough resources to carry out an offensive plan of attack? (human, physical – i.e. equipment/apparatus) Is there rescue to perform? (rescue risks higher acceptability than suppression risks) Should attack be delayed pending additional manpower? (If the answer is yes then all activities must be limited to the exterior) What are the risks currently present? (based on initial size-up)

The IC and Risk Management: Key Points
Remember: Initial actions are based on limited information An IC must base actions on KNOWN factors and avoid assuming other factors.

IC Responsibilities Conduct a thorough size-up. (What are some ways to do this?) Establish a command structure to supervise the incident. (What’s the primary reason for doing this?) Determine strategic and tactical objectives. (What’s the difference between “strategy” and “tactics?” Click HERE for the definitions.) Determine initial attack. (Offensive or defensive) (continued…)

IC Responsibilities (cont’d)
Establish the “Accountability and Entry Control” sector. Determine other sectors. Develop an Action Plan.

The Action Plan Driven by Risk Management
IC must weigh the danger or risks against the expected results Contains Strategic and Tactical Objectives Must be flexible and changeable based on changing conditions Must have identifiable benchmarks or objectives

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command
Sector Officers Supervise tactical operations based on risk in their sector Decisions based on IC’s strategy Keep IC informed of conditions Company Officers Supervise task operations based on their risk assessment Keep sector Officers informed of conditions (continued…)

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command (cont’d)
Firefighters May have to make risk assessments and decision when no Officer present Incident Safety Officer (ISO) Risk management consultant and adviser to the IC Standard system required to select ISO’s Perform a 360o for IC Advises IC as to risks, unsafe conditions, hazards, inconsistent observations etc. NB: the ISO, under some conditions, may stop an activity if it is deemed to be unsafe. However, he must inform the IC immediately.

Risk Assessment Responsibilities: for other levels of Command (cont’d)
Two Perspectives IC: How do I get the job done and work safely? ISO: How do I work safely and get the job done? Time for Quiz #3! (Page 25)

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5. Apparatus Placement (LG-27) How important is initial placement of apparatus? What could be the effects of poor initial placement? Your thoughts??

Apparatus Placement The importance of initial placement cannot be overemphasized. Brunacini: 1st 5 minutes = Next 5 hrs. Too close? - scorching, collapse etc. Moving trucks? - affects time and fire attack Departmental OG’s & Pre-plans must be current! While for the most part apparatus driver/operators should understand the fundamental principles in apparatus placement, the ultimate authority to sculpt the fireground rests with the I.C. It may be the practice in some departments for the first arriving officer to radio orders about apparatus placement. In the absence of direction from the scene, the driver operator needs to make the decision on situating the rigs. Everyone can agree, it is best to get it right from the start, as it can be complicated to move them later.

Apparatus Placement Exercise
Spruce St. Okay, let’s give it a try… You have… IC CP Vehicle 2 Pumpers 1 Rescue 1 Aerial Maple Lane Fire Warehouse Goose St. In your team, place your vehicles and be prepared to defend your placements…

Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene
FF safety utmost; many FF’s are killed responding Damage to apparatus; “Highway Traffic Act!” Staged First arriving on scene (OG’s); other apparatus a block away until they’re need: NO CONGESTION! Consider a “Staging Officer” for a large scene Allows the IC to assign apparatus in an orderly fashion (continued…) Staging apparatus can legitimately be considered part of the accountability system. For an IC, there are two important considerations regarding accountability. The first, and most often repeated reason, is for firefighter safety. We need to know where our people are in order to safely conduct operations. The second, and often forgotten element of accountability, is marshalling your resources so that they are available for deployment in the most effective manner.

Categories of Apparatus Responding to a Scene
(cont’d) Operating Place to best utilize Placement is determined by function i.e. water supply etc. Improper placement can cause major delays if an apparatus must be moved Parked Vehicles used for taxi service Park in a manner that is easy to commit the vehicle to action Returning to Station Crews and apparatus placed back in service by IC

Specific Apparatus Placement
Forward Engine Companies Placed for attack – pre-connects Can cover exposures Support Engines Placed at key water supplies Large diameter hose for supply Close enough that additional attack lines can be used Elevating Devices Place for rescue when required Placement depends on ladder length When not required for rescue place for exposure protection (continued…)

Specific Apparatus Placement (cont’d)
Rescue Trucks Close to scene for quick entry and access to specialized equipment Command Vehicle Safe location with best view of the incident Larger incidents = farther away

APPARATUS PLACEMENT OH #4 1. WHAT IS THE EXTENET OF THE FIRE? 2.
NOTHING SHOWING? – CLOSE SO CAN BE DEPLOYED QUICKLY 3. OVERHEAD WIRES? 4. PLACE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 5. FREE OF COLLAPSE AND SCORCHING? WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

Apparatus Placement Quiz
Time for Quiz #4! (Page 29)

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6. Water Supply Critical element of fire ground operations
(LG-30) Critical element of fire ground operations Whether from hydrants or portable water supplies in more rural locations, it must be reliable! FF’s doing interior attack: their lives depend on water supply IC ultimately responsible – can appoint a Water Supply Sector Officer Interruption of water supply: must be able to notify interior crews to withdraw e.g. 3 blasts of air horn

WATER SUPPLY OH #5 1. WHAT DOES THE PRE-PLAN INDICATE? 2.
HOW MUCH DO I NEED? 3. IS MORE APPARATUS REQUIRED? 4. FAST ATTACK? 5. WATER SUPPLY SECTOR 6. BIG FIRE = BIG WATER WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

IC Responsibilities re: Water Supply
Identify adequate supply for the size of the situation PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!! Identify whether or not to start the attack from an on-board tank or wait for a permanent supply Fast attack = small volume Slower attack = larger volume Big fire = Big water You have probably noticed, the fire service is very big on spraying water. We really like doing that. Most urban departments that rely on hydrants are less concerned with securing an adequate water source. The pre-plan for large buildings should indicate the appropriate water supply, and ensure that it is available for firefighting and exposure protection. Experienced officers must however have a thorough understanding of the water distribution system in case it fails, or underperforms. They need to be able to take alternative action to keep firefighting operations moving smoothly. Rural firefighters understand that obtaining water can be a much more tenuous undertaking, relying on climate, weather conditions, and available access just for starters. Tanker shuttle operations, when done well, are like a well choreographed dance routine, where supply and demand are balanced so that firefighting operations can continue uninterrupted. It is worth devoting significant effort to this end, both before and during a fire response.

Water Sector Officer Responsibilities
Ensure a continuous supply Refer to pre-plans and maps Search out an alternative source for back-up Keep IC informed Time for Quiz #5! (Page 30)

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7. Forcible Entry Why? To provide a means of entry for fire teams
(LG-31) Why? To provide a means of entry for fire teams To remove barriers to operations

FORCIBLE ENTRY OH #6 1. TRY BEFORE YOU PRY 2.
IS THERE ENOUGH TIME TO GET THE KEY HOLDER? 3. GREATER THE FIRE DAMAGE – THE LESS IMPORTANT SECONDARY DAMAGE WHERE? WHAT? Forcible entry requires a set of skills that take time and resources to develop. The didactic or theoretic portion of forcible entry is the easy part. There are plenty of books and references available for instructors to use. The more difficult, and costly training is the practical application. It can be difficult and expensive to provide hands on experience. To become really proficient the firefighters need to actually perform the techniques. While simulator props are available, they too are expensive. Fire departments need to commit resources to train firefighters so that they can make entry in a safe and professional manner. HOW?

IC Considerations re: Forcible Entry
Must balance secondary damage against fire damage “Try before you Pry!” If time allows (nothing showing) call for the key-holder The more severe the fire the less the importance of forcible entry damage Remember: Excessive effort causes excessive secondary damage!

Forcible Entry Quiz Time for Quiz #6! (Page 31)

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8. Ventilation (LG-32) In the past ventilation was always sort of an afterthought Modern technology and information has changed the way we think Good ventilation practices helps the firefighter do a more efficient and effective job One critical lesson that needs to be communicated to the students is that ventilation is a vital part of an organized fire attack. Good ventilation can prevent the worst kinds of catastrophic fire phenomena. Backdrafts, flashovers, and smoke explosions are all preventable by effective, timely ventilation. Another critical lesson is that there is no right way to ventilate, there are many. The type of ventilation will depend on the building construction, fire conditions, location of trapped victims, wind direction and velocity, to name a few. Another important consideration is what resources are available. Cutting a vent hole in a roof requires a commitment of several firefighters and equipment. Sometimes that is the only way to ventilate that supports an interior attack. Ergo, if we can’t ventilate properly, we can’t do an offensive attack. Putting people on a roof of a building with light weight construction requires careful consideration , and would be an important factor in the risk/benefit analysis. It follows, that if it is not safe to be on a roof, it is not safe to be under it either.

VENTILATION OH #7 1. A TACTIC TO SUPPORT OTHER TACTICAL OPERATIONS 2.
PLANNED AND CONTROLLED 3. BASED ON A) EXPOSURES, B) EXTENT AND LOCATION OF FIRE C) WIND DIRECTION D)TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION 4. PRIORITIES FOR SMOKE AND HEAT REMOVAL: i) AWAY FROM VICTIMS ii) AWAY FROM STAIRS iii) AWAY FROM HALLS AND CORRIDORS iv) OVER FIRE 5. CHOOSE THE METHOD AND TYPE 6. HAZARDS TO BE AWARE OF: i) OPENING BELOW THE FIRE, ii) OPENING TOO SOON, iii) OPENING IN THE WRONG PLACE, iv) INSUFFICIENT OPENINGS, v) ENDANGERING OCCUPANTS vi) TOO LONG A DELAY

Ventilation: Definition
What is it? Planned and controlled Redirects or removes heat, smoke and gases Controlled replacement

Ventilation: Key Points
Remember… The decision to ventilate, where, when and how is the IC’s call Ventilation is part of the attack and action plan

Reasons for Ventilation
Supports Tactical Operations Where to ventilate is determined by the operation being supported Firefighter and Victim Safety Can direct heat and smoke away from the victim to allow rescue Incident Stabilization Allows FF’s quicker entry for their assigned task – i.e.: to locate and extinguish the fire Ventilation rationale based on: exposures, extent & location of fire, wind direction, construction type (continued…)

Reasons for Ventilation (cont’d)
Property Conservation Channels heat and smoke away from undamaged property Consider venting behind the fire

Where to Ventilate? Depends on… Location of victims
Type, age, structural integrity of the building and type and style of roof Must consider rate of burning and possible paths for fire spread, safe routes of travel and escape routes and available resources

Venting Smoke and Heat Priorities
Your thoughts? Away from victims Away from stairways Away from halls and corridors Over the fire PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN, PRE-PLAN!!!

Ventilation Tactics The type of ventilation chosen should match the…
Fire and smoke conditions Construction and condition of structure Weather Available resources

Ventilation Types What are the two major types of ventilation?
Vertical Horizontal

Ventilation Methods What are the two major methods of ventilation?
Natural Can be the safest sometimes Mechanical Negative pressure (ejectors) Positive pressure (PPV) (injectors) Done from outside Ideal in most house fires MUST be coordinated! Water Fog Expulsion, expansion, syphon HVAC (Building air handling) (when possible)

Ventilation Hazards What are some potential hazards related to ventilation? Opening below the fire Opening too soon – increases fire spread/damage Opening in the wrong place Opening into a blind attic Insufficient openings Openings that endanger exposures Openings delayed too long – fire extinguishment more difficult

Ventilation Coordination Priorities
Why is coordination important? Coordinating ventilation with rescue is #1 e.g. keeping heat, smoke etc. away from FF’s and victim Coordinating ventilation with entry and fire attack e.g. backdraft potential

End of Section

9. Rescue A bit of reading…important reading…
(LG-34) A bit of reading…important reading… Rescue is the #1 tactical priority But, it can be the most dangerous thing we do e.g. searching above a fire IC must assess the risk and take whatever measures to allow this priority (Rescue) to be accomplished Remember: to save a life we will take a big, calculated risk The IC will NOT send FF’s to certain failure On the contrary, measures should be taken (ventilation, fire confinement etc.) that will facilitate rescue These measures are ONLY meant to help in rescue attempts

Primary & Secondary Search
Primary Search Should be done at most, not all, fires (e.g. Defensive attacks would preclude Primary Searches) Risks/benefits should be considered Rapid search Various methods e.g. Hose team to search fire area, second team enters 2nd floor by ladder BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR” Secondary Search It is to be expected that not all areas of a structure can be subjected to a primary search. Part of it is on fire! If a primary or secondary search cannot be conducted, it is recommended that the IC report to the communicator. This will record the conditions on the tape. Thorough search by a different team than the primary Done after fire control and ventilation Can be combined with overhaul May involve body removal (evidence considerations) BENCHMARK: “ALL CLEAR”

Primary & Secondary Search (cont’d)
Remember: it may not be possible to conduct a Primary Search at the outset of a fire (Defensive Attack). Also, even if a Primary Search has been started, it may not be possible to complete this Primary Search if the conditions of the building deteriorate to the extent that Withdrawal is necessary. Should this situation occur, the IC should radio that indicates the reasons for not initiating or completing the search. This demonstrates and records the IC’s commitment to rescue, and explains the circumstances for its abandonment. Secondary searches must always be conducted. However, they may be delayed by the IC due to the condition of the building. Still, a radio announcement will record the reasons for doing so.

RESCUE OPERATIONS OH #8 DO I HAVE ENOUGH RESOURCES? 1.
PRIMARY SEARCH – ALL CLEAR RAPID SEARCH - “ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK 2. SECONDARY SEARCH THOROUGH – DONE BY A DIFFERENT TEAM OFTEN DONE DURING OVERHAUL - “ ALL CLEAR” - BENCHMARK 3. SUPPORT ACTIVITIES REQUIRED? WHERE? WHAT? Too often ICs initiate rescue operations without sufficient resources. This places the firefighters at unacceptable risk. The IC needs to keep resources intact, so that they can be deployed effectively when enough firefighters are on the scene. Waiting until an effective operation can be mounted, gives rescuers and victims the best chance of success. HOW?

Rescue Size-up Questions for the IC
Stage of Fire? Affects your approach Can be simple at small fires or major at large fires There is NO search when operations are DEFENSIVE Number, location and affect of fire on victims? Order of search: usually the fire floor, floor above the fire and then the rest of the building Resources available? Success depends on numbers and equipment Your thoughts: What would you do on arrival at a house fire when there are only two FF’s initially on scene?

Rescue Support Activities
Question: What is meant by the term “rescue support activities?” Activities that facilitate rescue attempts Remember: many support activities cause the structure to be opened up which can make fire matters worse. “Coordination is the Key!” (continued…)

Rescue Support Activities (cont’d)
Rapid Entry When fire cuts off victims from escape Most victims are found in normal exit routes Hose Lines Separate victims from the fire Protect FF’s Act as a lifeline as well Ventilation Allows entry, should be done before search starts Visibility, safer interior operations MUST be coordinated with search and attack lines Ladders Secondary exit for FF’s & victim removal

Rescue Coordination Issues
Teamwork, coordination and communication vital Entry ASAP Hose lines to separate victims and fire Time for Quiz #7! (Pages 36 & 37)

End of Section

10. Victim Stabilization & Removal
(LG-38) So, now that the victim has been located what are the issues surrounding stabilization and removal? There is a sequence of IC decisions and actions that must be taken to facilitate victim rescue, stabilization and removal. Let’s look at this flow.

Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions
IC assumes Command Announce it! Give report on initial actions Interior attack to support rescue attempt Attack crews must protect stairs and halls etc. Must be viewed as a support activity ALL CREWS MUST KNOW WHEN PRIMARY SEARCH IS COMPLETED: HOW? Extend Primary Search Fire floor Floor above etc. More than one crew (continued…)

Sequence of IC Decisions and Actions (cont’d)
Locate, protect and remove victims Remove the victim from the fire? Remove the fire from the victim? Combination of both? Use primary exits etc. (better than secondary) Move victims to triage area & EMS personnel Allow for victim warmth etc. Treat victims and transport to hospital Stop Re-entry

Victim Stabilization and Removal: Summary
The IC must ensure the following… Safety for fire ground personnel Quick removal of victims Occupants are moved away from direct fire ground Victims are cared for No occupants re-enter the building Time for Quiz #8! (Pages 39 & 40) It is important to request additional EMS units when victims are located. Replacements are needed for the rescued victims, and in support of rescuers and suppression crews fighting the fire.

End of Section

11. Fire Confinement & Extinguishment
(LG-41) The goal of the fire ground IC is ultimately to put the fire out. This is not always possible in the short term. Hose lines could be used in a “holding pattern.” There IS a difference between Confinement and Extinguishment. Question: What IS this difference? The notion of containing a fire is only possible in specific instances. When a fire can be contained to one area by closing a door, or holding it from travelling down a corridor, this can be an appropriate tactic. However, in large non-compartmentalized spaces, this is not practical. In such areas, the chances for victims to survive is limited at best. Remember, when the fire goes out, most of your problems are solved.

FIRE CONFINEMENT AND EXTINGUISHMENT
OH #9 FIRE CONFINEMENT AND EXTINGUISHMENT 1. CONFINE OR EXTINGUISH? 2. SIZE-UP CONSIDERATIONS WHERE IS IT GOING? WHO OR WHAT IS IN THE WAY? TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION REQUIRED FLOW? VOLUME x 2 = L/MIN. UNDER CONTROL LOSS STOPPED “BENCHMARKS” WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

Confinement vs. Extinguishment
Actions taken to stop the spread of fire. (When would we do this?) Extinguishment: Actions taken after confinement to extinguish the fire. (When would we do this?)

Size-up Considerations: Confinement
Location and extent of fire Where is it going? Who or what are in the way? Type of construction Required water flow* Length and size of hose required MUST be coordinated with other tactical operations e.g. search, ventilation, forcible entry etc. How do we KNOW required flow? PRE-PLAN!!

Size-up Considerations: Extinguishment
Location and extent of fire Where is fire now and where is it going? Risk/benefit for FF’s – the greater the risk the more need for the management of safety e.g. back-up line(s) Evaluate areas of access and egress Hose size and length Building construction & classification – consider structural deficiencies Required fire flow Volume of involved area = (m3) x 2 = LPM Room = 4m x 5m x 3m = 60m3 x 2 = 120 LPM

Hose Placement Depends on function… confinement or extinguishment
Initial line between fire and victims Frontal assault only when no other option is possible Use with second line to push fire back to place of origin Benchmarks “Under Control” “Loss Stopped”

THE BENCHMARKS IN REVIEW
OH #10 THE BENCHMARKS IN REVIEW 1) PRIMARY SEARCH = “ALL CLEAR” 2) FIRE EXTINGUISHED = “UNDER CONTROL” 3) SECONDARY SEARCH = “ALL CLEAR” 4) FIRE EXTINGUISHED AND OVERHAUL COMPLETED = “LOSS STOPPED”

Fire Confinement and Extinguishment Quiz
Time for Quiz #9! (Pages 42 & 43)

End of Section

12. Salvage Why bother with salvage operations? Your thoughts?
(LG-44) Why bother with salvage operations? Your thoughts? Excellent PR with citizens Prevents smoke and fire damage Prevents water damage due to fire streams Prevents structural damage due to weight of water

What Contributes to Salvage?
Salvage size-up Ventilation Rapid extinguishment Conservation of water from attack lines What are some things the IC has to consider? It is worth mentioning that deciding what items or property to protect can be a subjective process. What may appear to the I.C. to be a top priority, may not be so highly valued by the property owner. They may be more concerned with things that have less material value, and more concerned with sentimental and intrinsic worth. Some departments assign a firefighter whose specific duty is to be a liaison between the property owner and the fire department in an effort to provide customer service. Whether this is part of your protocol or not, it is a good idea to communicate.

SALVAGE OH #11 1. WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT TO SAVE? 2.
HOW CAN WE PROTECT ITEMS BEING REMOVED FROM THE BUILDING? 3. WHAT SALVAGE TACTICS ARE MOST APPROPRIATE? 4. IS ANY SUPPORT REQUIRED? 5. WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS REQUIRED? 6. WHAT SAFETY CONCERNS EXIST? WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

Tactics for Salvage Determine critical size-up factors
Identify and prioritize property to be protected Select appropriate tactics to achieve strategy Identify needed resources Identify support required Determine need for coordination Identify safety concerns

End of Section

13. Overhaul What does overhaul mean to you? Your thoughts?
(LG-45) What does overhaul mean to you? Your thoughts? To show that complete suppression action was taken To expose hidden and smouldering fires To complete extinguishment So we don’t get dragged into court!

OVERHAUL OH # 12 1. WHAT IS THE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING? 2.
IS THE AREA SAFE FOR OVERHAUL? 3. WHAT HIDDEN AREAS HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO FIRE OR HEAT? 4. ARE THERE ANY SPOT FIRES? 5. WHAT PROVISION HAS BEEN MADE FOR RELIEF CREWS? 6. WILL OVERHAUL INTERFERE WITH ORIGIN/CAUSE INVESTIGATION? WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

Overhaul Coordination
Often coordinated with salvage operations Must take into account the ensuing fire investigation – DON’T destroy evidence!

Overhaul Action Plan Determine critical size-up factors
Identify location of smouldering and potential hidden fire areas Select appropriate overhaul tactics Identify needed resources Identify support required Determine need for coordination Identify safety concerns Evaluate effectiveness of overhaul operations

Overhaul Support Activities
Utility Control / Action Plan Air Supply – at least 2 bottles per firefighter Electricity – generators etc. Rehab & medical support – FF’s need rest! Time for Quiz #10! (Pages 47 & 48)

End of Section

14. Size-Up & Exposure Protection
(LG-49) Initial size-ups must be viewed as just that: initial. It must be an on-going process. Among the important decisions to be made relates to protection from exposures. More troops may be needed! Question: When does size-up begin?

Size-Up: An On-going Process
Begins on Receipt of Alarm Time of day or night Weather – wind conditions, humidity etc. Type of occupancy Nature of the emergency i.e. working fire? Other apparatus responding Reports from citizens

Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)
En Route Pre-plan factors Size & type of building Building construction including roof Water supply Company assignments Fire protection system connections Access points Normal building population Fire protection equipment i.e. standpipe etc. Fire flow required Question: What other information could be on a pre-plan? Size up is not an event, it is a process. It starts before the alarm.

Size-Up: An On-going Process (cont’d)
On Arrival Fire Ground Situational Factors Location, stage and extent of fire Colour of smoke Obstructions to operations Apparatus on scene People trapped? Question: What other factors could there be? During Operations On-going process – you should see results from actions

The Initial Size-up Do a 360 if possible
Consider all environmental, pre-plan and situational factors Determine the major factors – forget about things that aren’t Formulate a strategy and determine tactics Develop an Action Plan Assign tasks Monitor and make adjustments as needed It is strongly recommended that everyone who will enter the building should look at the building from the outside. They should look for secondary means of exit, fire location, and get a general layout of the structure. This is information that could save their lives.

SIZE-UP (RULE OF EIGHT)
OH #13 SIZE-UP (RULE OF EIGHT) 1. SIZE-UP 2. CALL FOR HELP 3. LIFE SAFETY - RESCUE 4. CONFINEMENT - EXPOSURES 5. EXTINGUISHMENT 6. VENTILATION 7. SALVAGE 8. OVERHAUL WHERE? WHAT? Firefighters need to continuously size up the situation. They need to develop the habit of knowing where they are in the building, and how to get out quickly. Things a firefighter might note: “how far did we go from the door to the stairs?” “how many stairs to the landing?: “did we turn right or left?” “how many doors did we pass in the hallway?” “did the doors swing in or out?” “were there windows in the bedroom?” HOW?

THE FIRE GROUND STRUCTURE OH #14 HOT ZONE FIRE LINE TAPE C B D S T A G
REHAB RIT EMS POLICE PRESS ENTRY CONTROL IC Questions How is this fire ground marked? Who is allowed on the f/g? Who is outside the hot zone?

Exposures Definition:
Any part of a structure not yet involved with fire (Includes adjoined and non-adjoined buildings as well as the next room) Who decides what will be protected? The IC. Question: What do we protect? (Flipchart listing…)

Exposure Protection Tactics
Coordinated attack Wash face of exposure (What about a curtain?) Push fire back to original area Reduce intensity of fire in areas where fire spread will most likely occur Spread lines into exposure Charge sprinkler system in case of breakthrough What are some tactical size-up considerations for exposure protection? (next slide…)

EXPOSURES – TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
OH #15 1. IS SUPPORT NEEDED? 2. OUTSIDE COLLAPSE ZONE? 3. FIRE FLOW AVAILABE? 4. HOSE AND APPLIANCES REQUIRED? 5. WHAT COORDINATION WITH OTHER TACTICS IS NEEDED? 6. SAFETY CONCERNS? WHERE? WHAT? HOW?

Exposure Tactical Action Plan
Determine critical size-up factors Identify and prioritize interior and exterior exposures Determine volume of water available for exposure protection Select exposure protection tactics Identify needed resources, apparatus, personnel and equipment Determine needed support & coordination Identify safety concerns Remember incorrect apparatus, or crew placement could turn your resources into exposures!

Size-up & Exposure Protection Quiz
Time for Quiz #11! (Pages )

End of Section

15. Accountability & Entry Control
(LG-62) Its primary purpose is FIREFIGHTER SAFETY! The IC is ultimately responsible for safety. Some departments have ISO’s and safety MUST be part of OG’s. All FF’s and Officers must comply with safety guidelines. Let’s look at how the “Accountability” and the “Two Tag System” works…

How the Accountability System Works
Accountability Officer Keeps track of who is at the scene Collect first Tag Will sometimes be Entry Control Officer as well Entry Control Officer Records when FF’s enter the danger zone Generally uses a pre-fabricated Entry Control Board Reports to the IC and gives updates or notifies the IC of any unaccounted for FF’s

OH #16 ENTRY CONTROL

Sample Accountability & Entry Control Boards
(LG-66) Let’s take a look at Appendix “B” in your Learner Guide (pg. 66) to view some sample Accountability and Entry Control boards

End of Section

16. Rehabilitation (LG-61) A rehab sector is required for any extended incidents. The IC is responsible for having fresh crews when required. Sector officers should monitor crews because it is an issue of FF safety! Question: Any thoughts of factors to consider regarding rehab? Look at the picture on the next slide. What do you notice about what is happening at rehab?

OH #17 REHAB

Rehabilitation: Factors to Consider
Fatigue Fatigued FF’s are accidents waiting to happen FF’s should be evaluated by EMT’s or paramedics prior to reassignment Fluids and Food Dehydration and hunger must be dealt with Temperature Harsh weather (hot, cold, wet, windy) affects the condition of FF’s Forearm Immersion! Stress Mental condition of FF’s is critical (C.I.S.) These conditions affect: attitudes, attention span, self-control – errors lead to accidents

Rehabilitation Quiz Time for Quiz #12! (Page 61)

End of Section

17. Post Incident Analysis & Review
The purpose is to improve performance and safety! Let’s take a closer look at what P.I.A.R. is all about…

PIAR: Why? Why do you do Post Incident Analysis?
To give credit where credit is due To point out concerns to the team To analyze tactics – good and bad It’s a good place for “soft intervention” To obtain feedback from all those involved Above all: TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE!

PIAR: Who Conducts/Facilitates PIAR?
Who conducts a Post Incident Analysis? Chief IC Safety Officer Outside Facilitator

PIAR: When? When do you do a Post Incident Analysis?
As soon as possible after the incident Time clouds the memory This is a good reason for all personnel to take notes

PIAR: Who is Involved? Everyone involved in the incident, if possible…
This may include… IC Firefighters Police EMS Dispatch etc…

PIAR: How? A PIAR can be either VERBAL or WRITTEN
It doesn’t matter which, as long as it’s done

PIAR: Where do you do a PIAR?
It can be done in a variety of locations… This may include… Back at the hall On the tailboard at the scene It can be formal or informal

PIAR: What is the Format?
A PIAR should be comprehensive according to need. It should include… An overview of the incident Positive things that happened Negative things that occurred Discuss perspectives of IC, Sector Officers, firefighters Don’t forget the input from Dispatch

PIAR: How long should it take?
As long as practicable to ensure performance is improved. (The first few PIAR’s a department does may take a little longer than subsequent PIAR’s.) People may be reluctant at first Remind participants that questions should be posed in a non-accusational manner It may depend on the “culture” of the department

PIAR: Most Important Point
The purpose of a PIAR is to IMPROVE PERFORMANCE and NOTHING ELSE!

End of Section

18. Personnel Accountability Reports
(LG-63) The purpose is to assist the IC in a person Inventory Control. There are 8 appropriate times to call for a PAR…

PAR: Benchmarks 1. When “Benchmarks” have been achieved
“All Clear” and “Under Control” Easy reminder for IC Good delineation of the event

PAR: Time 2. After twenty and forty minutes 30 and 60 minute bottles
Some time to begin rescue if a firefighter is missing Note: Some departments require the initial attack crew entering a building to radio to the IC or their Dispatch that they are “ON AIR” when they turn their cylinders on. This is to provide the IC and the Dispatch the reminder that the “clock is now ticking” in the countdown to a PAR.

PAR: Change of Command 3. When command is Passed or Transferred
This allows the new IC to be confident that all crews are accounted for

PAR: Significant Changes
4. When there is a significant change Building collapse Flashover Backdraft Rapid smoke build-up Any other important event

PAR: Evacuation 5. After an ordered evacuation

PAR: Missing Personnel
6. Anytime Personnel go Missing Activated PASS alarm From radio report From other source Prior to activating RIT

PAR: Rescue of Firefighter
7. After the rescue of a firefighter who was previously missing This is a good time to “take stock”

PAR: Offensive to Defensive
8. After a major change of strategy It’s crucial to know everyone is out of the building prior to initiating significant defensive tactics that affect the internal environment

End of Section

Terminology Note: Click Here
19. Evacuation & R.I.T. (LG-55) Why Evacuate? Sometimes conditions change for the worse Changing from offensive to defensive attack How to We Notify Interior FF’s? Different OG’s in different depts. Air Horn is common. Use anything to let FF’s know! How do We Evacuate? All personnel back out – with or without hose depending on situation (continued…) Terminology Note: Click Here

Evacuation & R.I.T. (cont’d)
What do we do after evacuation? Accountability will call for a PAR IC will be notified What if there isn’t a PAR? Activate MayDay procedures – search with R.I.T. etc. How do we ensure consistency? OG’s OG’s OG’s Let’s take a closer look at RIT…

RIT: What? A standby team of firefighters at an incident, exclusively assigned, to search for and remove trapped or injured firefighters These teams will be removed from fireground activities not specifically related to R.I.T. duties

RIT: Why? Provide for the safety and welfare for all on-scene personnel Provide a higher level of firefighter safety Due Diligence Ministry of Labour Guidance Note 35 (should be used NFPA (will be used)

RIT: Responsibilities of the IC
Establish at all working fires (as staffing # allow) NFPA (will provide) Ensure that the RIT remains updated on fire ground operations Upon deployment, establish a backup RIT Critical Incident Stress Team is utilized, if required

RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment)
Remain updated on fireground operations Gather necessary tools, R.I.T. kit Familiarize team with building layout, points of egress Establish secondary escape routes from upper floors, raise ground ladders where necessary Need to have access to a radio

RIT: Responsibilities of RIT (prior to deployment) (cont’d)
Continually monitor situation in hazard zone De-brief firefighters leaving the hazard zone Liaise with I.C. and Entry control to track location of teams in the hazard zone

RIT: Composition Minimum 2 firefighters/team
The use of a 3rd member could be utilized as the RIT leader Maximum - as the situation & staffing dictates As the incident expands in size and complexity there may be a need to increase the number of teams to cover various strategic locations throughout the incident

RIT: Deployment for Rescue
All members will be briefed on the teams mission (last known location, assignment, how many personnel are missing, the problem, how long in an entry point) The RIT will be monitored by radio dedicated radio frequency, if available The IC will announce that a RIT has been deployed and the location of missing personnel (emergency radio traffic only!)

RIT: Staging a RIT Strategic position that allows for constant updates and instant deployment If the Command Post is within easy walking distance of the incident, it is a logical place for the team to stage Proximity to Entry control board also desirable

RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)
Command may choose to have the RIT stage at a location advantageous for making quick access into the structures troubled areas; high-rise - 2 floors below the fire

RIT: Staging a RIT (cont’d)

RIT: T.E.A.R. CREW MEMBER 1 (TEAM LEADER) TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES
Radio to communicate with Command/Operations Communicates progress and receives orders from Command Provides guidance to team members including the way out to FF’s dragging the downed FF

RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d) CREW MEMBER 2 (EXTRICATION)
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES “Irons” and/or other tools of potential use Wire cutters Frees the downed FF from obstructions and restrictions Assists with air bottle switchover and FF removal

RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d) CREW MEMBER 3 (AIR) TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES Extra air supply, rack or RIT-Bag depending on availability Ensures the downed FF has an adequate air supply & switches the air supply to the carried-in supply when needed Helps remove the downed FF

RIT: T.E.A.R. (cont’d) CREW MEMBER 4 (ROPE) TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES
TOOLS NEEDED & DUTIES Search rope Deploys the search rope on the way in Picks up the search rope on the way out

RIT: Training Ideally, specially trained dedicated personnel would form R.I.T. teams at all incidents Realistically, all firefighters should be trained to fulfill R.I.T. duties Additionally, all firefighters should be trained in self-rescue techniques, and methods to assist R.I.T. find them if they are lost or trapped

RIT: Training (cont’d)
Firefighter Self-Rescue Firefighters may be: Lost Trapped Injured or immobilized Unconscious

RIT: Training (cont’d)
Firefighter Self-Rescue Remain calm Activate PASS alarm Attempt to get to: Path of egress Outside wall Window Conserve Air Turn off Pass alarm when talking on radio Never give up!

RIT: Equipment Pre-plan/schematic diagram of building
Thermal Imaging Camera Defibrillator Trauma kit/O2 Ropes for safety lines including pre-tied kit bags Fresh hand-lights

RIT: Equipment (cont’d)
Full PPE including SCBA & PASS devices Portable radios (1 per member) Extra SCBA for victims Appropriate forcible entry tools Webbing Short personal escape lines Glow-sticks

RIT: Activation Only the Incident Commander can activate the RIT
IC should activate the RIT when firefighters are reported as being in distress or missing

RIT: Activation (cont’d)
Firefighter rescue is likely to be: Labour intensive Physically exhausting Emotionally draining Time consuming!

Priorities for trapped firefighters… Fresh air supply Water for protection Medical Attention Psychological support

Any time it becomes necessary to activate the R.I.T team more resources will be required on the scene Firefighter rescue will dominate the scene activities Provision must be made in order to continue I.C.s action plan Extra personnel will be needed

RIT: Deployment R.I.T.s must be put in place at the earliest opportunity Early fire ground activities, (primary search, fire confinement) are evolutions most likely to put firefighters at risk R.I.T.s should be among the first assignments Nothing is more important than firefighter safety!

RIT: Deployment Checklist
Upon receiving a call for help: Call for radio silence Have R.I.T. stand-by Consider evacuation (consult ISO) Call for additional help Conduct P.A.R. Activate R.I.T.

RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)
Switch to alternate radio channel if available Firefighter(s), ISO, R.I.T., and I.C. should remain on original working channel All other activities move to alternate channel. R.I.T. channel must use radio air time very economically. Periods of complete silence may be necessary to listen for faint messages.

RIT: Deployment Checklist (cont’d)
Replace R.I.T. (larger team) Appoint Operations Command Sector Take control of R.I.T. operations When rescue complete, call P.A.R. Provide C.I.S.D. for ALL personnel involved

RIT: Sobering Thoughts
As the result of an incident that took the life of Phoenix firefighter Brett Tarver, the Northern Virginia Community College Fire Science program conducted some tests. Tarver was in a fire in a 25,000m2 supermarket. He lost the hose line, could not find his way out, ran out of air, and subsequently died. Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

RIT: Sobering Thoughts (cont’d)
The College conducted 200 drills 1,140 firefighters participated Their activities were monitored and timed The results were alarming: Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

AVERAGE TIMES 2.50 minutes for R.I.T. to be ready 3.03 minutes from MAYDAY until R.I.T. made entry 5.82 minutes for R.I.T. to make contact with downed firefighter Each team spent minute inside the building 21 minutes to effect rescue Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

CONSISTENT RATIOS REVEALED: It takes 12 firefighters to rescue one firefighter 20% of the rescuers got into some type of trouble A 30 minute bottle has 18.7 minutes of air ( 30%) Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

It was suggested that the rescue be performed in two phases by two teams Team 1 enters and locates the downed firefighter Team 2 performs the removal REMEMBER It takes on average, 12 firefighters 21 minutes to rescue one downed firefighter! Ref: Fire Engineering, April 2003

RIT: Websites .rapidintervention.com .firetactics.com/.RIT
.firehouse.com/forums

RIT: Questions?

End of Section

20. Fire Ground Scenarios (LG-70) The Fire Ground Scenarios that will make up the practical portion of this IMS course will largely be intended to provide each Learner with the opportunity to command an incident using the principles outlined so far. They are intended to be a positive learning opportunity that will strengthen the Learner IC’s organizational and communication skills. We will be “walking through” several theoretical scenarios that will allow us to play various roles that would be typical at a fire ground. We will learn but we will also have fun too. Your thoughts and comments about the scenarios will be important to share so that we can all improve. Enjoy!

IMS Overview of Practical Scenarios
Let’s look at Appendices “C” & “D” to get an idea as to what will be happening in the practical sessions coming up… Also… let’s check out the “Mid-Week Exercise” as well as outlined in Appendix “I”…

End of Section

Slideshow Support Slides
The following slides in this presentation file are “called” or “referenced” by other “action buttons” or “hyperlinks” throughout the slideshow. They should not be altered without understanding what the hyperlinks are referencing with respect to returning to the “calling” slide.

Appendices & Miscellaneous
Credits & References How to Read Smoke (slideshow presentation) (Version of this IMS Slideshow: Version #4…Sept. 2010)

End of Section

Strategy vs. Tactics Strategy:
The science and art of military command as applied to the overall planning and conduct of large-scale combat operations. Tactics: A procedure or set of maneouvers engaged in to achieve an end, an aim, or a goal.

Bow String Truss

A Note about Terminology
It’s important to recognize that there may be differences in terminology that exist between different fire departments. The term “Evacuate” is used in some departments as meaning “… to have all firefighters leave the building in an orderly fashion…” However, some departments would use the term “Withdraw” to mean this. “Abandon” is a term used by some departments to indicate that there is imminent danger to life of all interior firefighters and that they must exit immediately. It is CRITICAL that ALL firefighters in each fire department know the terminology of their own department.

Development of the IMS Course
Why has the IMS Course been developed? Unfortunate incidents of the past… Timmins, Barrie etc. (too many…) so, as a result… Ministry of Labour has ruled that all officers must be more qualified Liability! OUR SAFETY!

Forearm Immersion “The latest research shows that extremity immersion is the most efficient means of actually cooling the core.” Source:

Ice Breakers! Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the mind.” Below are just a few samples… One way to go hunting in South River, Ontario Who Wants to be an Incident Commander? (World’s Easiest Test!) Treadmill Firefighter Auction Alternate meanings for common words Reggae Smoking Area Good Dog Bride Future Trunk Monkey Couch Surprise Tune Out DeWalt (Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)

Ice Breakers! Please… only click on the links. Thank you!
Ice Breakers are a great way to “relax the mind.” Below are just a few samples… One way to go hunting in South River, Ontario Who Wants to be an Incident Commander? (World’s Easiest Test!) Treadmill Firefighter Auction Alternate meanings for common words Reggae Smoking Area Good Dog Bride Future Trunk Monkey Couch Surprise Tune Out DeWalt (Let’s share our own Ice Breakers too!)

Who Wants to be an Incident Commander?
Rank: Applicant How long did the Hundred Years War last? A. 100 Years! B. Never happened C. 116 Years D. Too long

New Rank: Recruit How long did the Hundred Years War last? A. 100 Years! B. Never happened C. 116 Years D. Too long

Rank: Recruit Which country makes Panama hats? A. Mexico B. Ecuador C. Bolivia D. Panama

New Rank: Probie Which country makes Panama hats? A. Mexico B. Ecuador C. Bolivia D. Panama

Rank: Probie From which animal do we get catgut? A. Sheep and horses B. Cats C. Bulls D. Dogs

New Rank: Firefighter From which animal do we get catgut? A. Sheep and horses B. Cats C. Bulls D. Dogs

Rank: Firefighter In which month do Russians celebrate the October Revolution? A. November B. They never had one! C. October D. Only at THAT time of the month!

New Rank: Lieutenant In which month do Russians celebrate the October Revolution? A. November B. They never had one! C. October D. Only at THAT time of the month!

Rank: Lieutenant What is a camel’s hair brush made of? A. Camel hair B. It’s synthetic hair C. Squirrel fur D. Penguin droppings

New Rank: Captain What is a camel’s hair brush made of? A. Camel hair B. It’s synthetic hair C. Squirrel fur D. Penguin droppings

Rank: Captain The Canary Islands in the Pacific are named after what animal? A. Whales B. Canaries C. Apes D. Dogs

New Rank: District Chief The Canary Islands in the Pacific are named after what animal? A. Whales B. Canaries C. Apes D. Dogs

Rank: District Chief What was King George VI’s first name? A. George B. William C. Albert D. Mud

New Rank: Deputy Chief What was King George VI’s first name? A. George B. William C. Albert D. Mud

Rank: Deputy Chief What colour is a purple finch? A. Gray B. Crimson C. Blue D. Purple

New Rank: Chief What colour is a purple finch? A. Gray B. Crimson C. Blue D. Purple

Rank: Chief Where are Chinese gooseberries from? A. Taiwan B. China C. New Zealand D. Australia

New Rank: Fire Marshal Where are Chinese gooseberries from? A. Taiwan B. China C. New Zealand D. Australia

Rank: Fire Marshal What is the colour of the black box in a commercial airplane? A. Orange B. Black C. Yellow D. White

New Rank: Retired! What is the colour of the black box in a commercial airplane? A. Orange B. Black C. Yellow D. White

You’re a Winner! Thank you for playing the World’s Easiest Test!

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Hunting in South River, Ontario
Apparently, the driver of the vehicle only suffered a broken wrist… and needed a bath. More pics on next page…

Hunting in South River, Ontario
The moose was about a year old.

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Alternate Meanings for Common Words
Here are 9 words and their alternate meanings as submitted by the Washington Post in an annual contest: Coffee: - the person upon whom one coughs Flabbergasted: - appalled over how much weight you have gained Abdicate: - to give up all hope of ever having a flat stomach Negligent: - describes a condition in which you absentmindedly answer the door in your nightgown continued…

Alternate Meanings for Common Words
Lymph: - to walk with a lisp Gargoyle: - olive-flavoured mouthwash Flatulence: - emergency vehicle that picks you up after you are run over by a steamroller Balderdash: - rapidly receding hairline Testicle: - a humorous question on an exam

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Firefighter Auction Click below to view…

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Treadmill Click below to view…

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Reggae Click below to view…

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Good Dog Click below to view…

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Smoking Area Click below to view…

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Bride Future Click below to view…

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DeWalt Click below to view…

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Trunk Monkey Click below to view…

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Tune Out Click below to view…

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Couch Surprise Click below to view…

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Reading Smoke Smoke can tell a lot.
Being able to read the signs and clues it gives can save our lives. Let’s look at how we can “read” smoke….

Reading Smoke - Density
Smoke Density – (Quality of the Burning Process) Light or Thin Smoke Density Indicates complete burning, ventilation (incipient burning) Moderate Smoke Density Indicates fire in growth stage with a thermal balance High Smoke Density Fire in the decay stage, incomplete burning of fuels

Reading Smoke - Caution
Caution: Smoke that becomes rapidly dense indicates an imminent flashover Density that rapidly changes from dense to light indicates flashover just took place You should see a change in smoke velocity or that the fire has adequately vented

Reading Smoke - Velocity
Smoke Velocity indicates the rate of heat release Slow Moving Smoke - slow fire spread Fast Moving Smoke - rapid fire spread Smoke that leaves fast then slows or chugs – potential flashover or backdraft

Reading Smoke – Caution re: Density & Velocity
High Density & High Velocity smoke that fills a door or window indicates a well involved, extremely hot fire that is capable of a rapid, room-to-room flashover and full involvement of the structure (dark gray).

Reading Smoke – Volume Smoke Volume: the amount of fuels burning
Small volume – small fire or complete burning Large volume – heavy fuel load

Reading Smoke – Volume Changes
Note: Rapid change in smoke volumes may indicate fire events Rapid Decrease – flashover just took place Rapid Increase – heavy fuel load has just been added to a hot fire

Reading Smoke – Colour A uniform colour of smoke can help you classify the primary fuel White – often indicates a fire in its incipient stages… However, NOT necessarily! Dark Gray – high density & high volume; typical in structure fires Black – indicative of petroleum products

Reading Smoke – Colour (cont’d)
A uniform colour of smoke can help you classify the primary fuel Brown – generally smoke from untreated/unfinished wood. What wood in most residences is untreated? Room & contents vs. structure fire Unusual coloured smoke (e.g. green, red, orange) – indicative of hazardous materials Yellowish & Lazy, Dense smoke – Back Draft potential

Reading Smoke – Nothing Showing Mode
Investigative ALWAYS suspect the worst Arguably the most dangerous command mode Familiarity breeds contempt

Reading Smoke – Fast Attack Mode
Smoke and limited fire showing Fire clearly in the room of origin and can be extinguished quickly with minimal risk Fast, aggressive interior attack Operations remain in rescue mode until the “All Clear” – (fire control efforts must be coordinated with rescue operations)

Reading Smoke – Command Mode
Fully developed working fire (Flashover is the transition between the growth and the fully developed stages) Well Planned Interior Attack Fire in the decaying stage: Need to consider flashover protection

Reading Smoke – Stratification
Stratification Status: smoke evident from floor to ceiling; little dispersal when door is opened. Where is the fire likely to be? The fire is BELOW you!

Reading Smoke – Stratification (cont’d)
Stratification Status: smoke pushing down from the ceiling; drawn toward you. Where is the fire likely to be? You are ON the fire floor

Reading Smoke – Stage & Distance
Light coloured smoke evident as you make entry? Fire is probably in its incipient stage Could be heavy fire some distance from where you are Smoke absorbs moisture & disperses hydrocarbons as it moves away from the fire

Risk - Types Risk is of 2 types: Pure and Speculative
PURE risk exists when there is a chance of loss but no chance of gain SPECULATIVE risk exists when there is a chance of gain as well as loss

Risk Analysis Model We will risk ourselves a lot, within a structured action plan, to save a savable life We will risk ourselves a little, within a structured action plan, to save savable property However, we will NOT risk ourselves at all to save lives or property that are already lost

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O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual PowerPoint Compilation
Credits & References O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual PowerPoint Compilation (Version #3) by Capt. Kerry Johnson Kingston Fire & Rescue May 2005 References: An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident Management for Fire Department Officers O.F.M. Trainer/Facilitator Manual January, 2004 An Introduction to the Essentials of Incident Management for Fire Department Officers O.F.M. Learner Manual January, 2004 Internet Sources

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1. Master Intro Slide

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Information Note: A. Master Normal Slides
Insert Hyperlink Here (return to Calling Slide) - then, expand to full screen and make lines invisible Insert Information Note here Information Note: A. Master Normal Slides

Thank You!

An Introduction to the Incident Management System.

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