1. Biochemistry: Chemicals of Life Slide 2.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organic compounds Contain carbon Most are covalently bonded Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

2. Important Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Carbohydrates Water soluble Produce 4 Kcal/gram of energy Formed by dehydration synthesis

3. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Carbohydrates Stored as energy by plants, animals Starches Glycogen Components of larger structural molecules Components of nucleic acids

4. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structure of Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Include sugars and starches Classified according to size Monosaccharides – simple sugars Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

5. Carbohydrates Slide 2.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12a, b

6. Carbohydrates Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars Most are forms of energy storage Plants: “starches” Animals: glycogen

7. Carbohydrates Slide 2.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.12c

8. Important Organic Compounds: Lipids Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Insoluble in water (hydrophobic) Greasy Produce 9 Kcal/gm energy May be saturated or unsaturated Formed by dehydration synthesis

9. Important Organic Compounds: Lipids Slide 2.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Lipids Major component of cell membranes Stored in living systems Pad and protect vital organs Basis for steroid hormones

10. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body Neutral fats (triglycerides) Found in fat deposits Composed of fatty acids and glycerol Source of stored energy

11. Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a, b Lipids: Neutral Fats

12. Lipids Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body (continued) Phospholipids: important component of biological membranes Polar head Hydrophobic tail

13. Slide 2.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14a, b Phospholipids

14. Lipids Slide 2.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common lipids in the human body (continued) Steroids Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

15. Slide 2.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.14c Cholesterol

16. Important Organic Compounds: Proteins Slide 2.33a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Proteins Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur Subunits are amino acids (aa) Amino acids joined by peptide bonds Produce 4 Kcal/gm of energy Formed by dehydration synthesis

17. Proteins Slide 2.33b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of Proteins Provides for construction materials for body tissues Act as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters, some buffers Most common biomolecules Must be 3-D to function correctly

18. Enzymes Slide 2.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions Figure 2.16

19. Enzyme Function Act to combine substrates Do not change Do not enter into the reaction Only increase the rate of the reaction

20. Important Organic Compounds: Important Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Provide blueprint of life Nucleotide bases A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine U = Uracil

21. Important Organic Compounds: Important Organic Compounds: Nucleic Acids Slide 2.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Carries all genetic information Can replicate itself RNA: RiboNucleic Acid Directs protein synthesis Three kinds: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

22. Important Organic Compounds Slide 2.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Forms a double helix Replicates before cell division Carries data for every protein Figure 2.17c

23. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Sugar-phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases form “rungs” A bonds to T C bonds to G With hydrogen bonds

24. Important Organic Compounds: Important Organic Compounds: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Slide 2.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical energy used by all cells Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

25. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Slide 2.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.18a

26. How ATP Drives Cellular Work Slide 2.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.19

27. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gene: DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein  Triplet Code: 3 DNA nucleotides that “code” for a single amino acid  Requires ATP and enzymes  RNA is essential for protein synthesis

28. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  NOTE: All genetic information is carried by DNA as nucleotide sequences  Proteins differ because of variations in aa sequence and ratio  Mutations result in changes in the proteins that are made  May affect structure and/or function

29. Role of RNA Slide 3.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

30. Transcription and Translation Slide 3.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Transcription  Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA  Translation  Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

31. Protein Synthesis Slide 3.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.15