1. Butlers model of tourism

2. The Butler Tourism Model
Based on MEDC tourism
Cycle of a resort development, tourism and decline.
Tourism viewed as a resource
The model has 6 Stages:
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline/Rejuvenation

3. The Butler Model

4. Exploration EACH STAGE EXPLAINED…
Small number of tourist attracted by culture/natural beauty.
Limited numbers.
Few facilities exist.

5. Involvement EACH STAGE EXPLAINED…
Some involvement by locals to provide tourists with facilities.
Recognisable tourist season.
Developing tourism market.

6. Development EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Large numbers of tourists.
Control of market moves from locals to external bodies e.g. TNC’s.
Conflict between residents and tourists.

7. Consolidation EACH STAGE EXPLAINED…
Tourism constitutes major part of the economy.
Tourist numbers plateau.
Older facilities seen as “second rate”.

8. Stagnation EACH STAGE EXPLAINED… Peak tourist numbers reached.
Resort no longer fashionable.

9. Decline OR Rejuvenation
EACH STAGE EXPLAINED…
Decline OR Rejuvenation
Attractiveness continues to decline.
Visitors lost to other resorts / destinations.
Resort becomes dependant on day / weekend visitors from limited geographical area.
Unless efforts made to modernise and rejuvenate resort will continue to decline.

10. Case Study
Spain – Costa del Sol

11. Development & Consolidation
Exploration
1960’s only 0.4 million tourists to the Costa del Sol, visiting for the beach holidays.
Involvement
1970's numbers rose to 3 million.
Farmland built on, infrastructure improved.
Transition from resource based to demand based.
Development & Consolidation
1980’s numbers rocketed to 7 million (carrying capacity reached).
Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were built, leading to environmental degradation.

12. Stagnation
Late 1980’s area began to stagnate, and was no longer fashionable.
Attractive mountainous area blocked by large hotel developments.
Beaches dirty from litter left by tourists.
Polluted from excessive sewage.
Strain on resources e.g. water
It takes gallons to run a luxury hotel for a day.

13. Decline OR Rejuvenation??
1990s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation.
Beaches tidied and achieved EU Blue Flag.
VAT cut to 6% to encourage tourists and businesses.
Tourism began to diversify to ecotourism and heritage tourism.
Development of Coto Donana national park to 'Costa Donana’ abandoned
Wetland area popular with rare birds
Previous development had seen a drop in the water table and the death of wild birds form pesticide contamination

14. Tourism spread more inland to Madrid and Barcelona.
Historical & City based tourism gains popularity.
Culturally diverse areas such as Almeria have also gained popularity.
Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but a spatial change moving inland.
Spanish Tourism Today
Costa Del Sol

15. Make a copy of Butlers model. (use a whole page)
Using the worksheet, decide which statements match each stage.
Annotate your graph in your exercise books.
In another colour, add detail using your Costa Del Sol case study.