1. NATIONALISM: REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA Why were nationalist revolutions occurring in Latin America? Spanish South America Mexico

2. Latin American Class System The success of the Enlightenment, American & French Revolutions inspires colonies controlled by France, Spain & Portugal Strong class system (racial) in place in Latin America Your rights depended where you were in this system Peninsulares Creoles (Criollo) Mestizos Slaves Indians Europeans born in Spain/Portugal, top Govt jobs Mixed Indian & European, merchants & low gov jobs/army Mixed African & European, low wage labor jobs Indigenous People, few jobs available Europeans born in Latin America, landowners & govt jobs/top army jobs Mulattos African, labor jobs

3. Saint Domingue (HAITI) 1791: First Latin American revolution happens in the Caribbean 100K of the 500K enslaved Africans rose up against their masters in the French Colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) Slaves were led by Toussaint L’Ouverture French send troops to retake the island Toussaint agrees to stop the revolution if France ends slavery on Saint Domingue (Haiti) French capture Toussaint & take him to a prison in the French Alps More slaves join the fight, slave army now led by Jean-Jacques Dessailines 1804: Dessailines defeats French Army & creates nation of Haiti – Napoleon leaves the Americas

4. SPANISH SOUTH AMERICA Due to Napoleonic Wars, Spain losing their grip on Lat. Am colonies 1811: Influenced by Am. Rev a Creole General named Simon Bolívar fights for independence in Venezuela Simon Bolívar Jose de San Martín Bolívar has little success until 1819, leads an army over Andes Mountains into New Granada (Colombia/Ecuador), surprising Spain 1821: Venezuela & New Granada are independent (become Gran Colombia), 1822: Bolívar heads to Peru 1816: Creole General Jose de San Martín begins independence movement in Rio De La Plata (Argentina/Paraguay) 1817: Heads into Andes to fight Spanish army in nearby Chile

5. In the Andes, San Martín meets an Irish-Peruvian Bernardo O’Higgins, they decide to combine armies Bernardo O’Higgins 1821:Combined armies beat Spanish in Chile 1822: San Martín heads to Peru, O’Higgins stays 1823: San Martín and Bolívar discuss combining armies to defeat Spain in Peru 12/9/1824: Bolívar (El Libertador) leads combined armies, final battle was won in Ayacucho, Peru Peru independent, Southern Peru becomes Bolivia

6. New Spain (MEXICO/CENTRAL AMERICA) 1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for a revolution against Spain Sept 16: to symbolize start of the war of independence, Hidalgo rang the bells of his church Speech is El Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian & Mestizo army began to march towards Mexico City. 80,000 people would join 1811: Spanish Army led by Creoles defeat Hidalgo’s army Hidalgo is executed by Spanish Authorities Miguel Hidalgo Padre Jose Morelos continues war but his army defeated 4 years later

7. 1816: King of Spain returns to power, Creoles lose their privileges Creoles unite with Mestizos and Indians, General Agustin Iturbide declares Mexican Independence 1821: Fed up w/ wars, Spain grants independence to Mexico which includes Central America 1823: Central American leaders win independence when Emp. Iturbide is overthrown BRAZIL 1808: Royal family of Portugal flees to Brazil when Napoleon invades King João gives Brazil co-kingdom status Agustin Iturbide 1821: João returns to Portugal leaves son Dom Pedro in charge of Brazil 1822:João takes away co-Kingdom status Dom Pedro I Creoles threaten war, João gives Brazil independence, his son Dom Pedro is Emperor (Happy Creoles)