1. Fascism: Italy and Germany
History of the Modern World
Fascism: Italy and Germany
Mrs. McArthur
Walsingham Academy
Room 111

2. The Rise of Totalitarianism
Section 3: Fascism in Italy, pp
Witness History Audio: A New Leader: Mussolini
According to this description, how did people react to Mussolini?
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Italian nationalists, led by Benito Mussolini, felt betrayed by the government and the Allies from World War I. They revolted and became powerful through terror. These Fascists, as they were known, were finally handed the reins of government by the king in order to avoid a civil war.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “According to this description, how did people react to Mussonlini?” (joy, enthusiasm)
When showing Color Transparency 170, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Mussolini’s Rule
Although Italy was officially a parliamentary monarchy, under Mussolini, it became a dictatorship. He used propaganda and terror to control the people. The Fascists wanted everyone to live and work only for the state.
Note Taking Transparency 168A

3. Section 3: Fascism in Italy
Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Mussolini
The Nature of Fascism
Fascism glorified action, violence, discipline, and blind loyalty to the state. They pursued foreign expansion through warfare. They distrusted reason and used emotion to their advantage. The state was all.
Note Taking Transparency 168B
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “According to this description, how did people react to Mussonlini?” (joy, enthusiasm)
When showing Color Transparency 170, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Looking Ahead
Democracy, Communism, and Fascism competed for influence in postwar Europe. Fascism was on the fast track during the Great Depression.
Progress Monitoring Transparency

4. Note Taking Transparency 168A
All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.
4 of 8

5. Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini
Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had Caesar, Virgil and Augustus.
The artist, W. Schulz, criticizes Mussolini for wanting to return Italy to the greatness of the Roman Empire. This cartoon was drawn in response to Mussolini’s speech on 1/3/25 in which he confirmed his dictatorship in Italy and said that only he could bring order to the country. In this cartoon he satirizes Mussolini for thinking himself a new Roman emperor. Instead of being pulled on his chariot through majestic streets, M. is pulled past dreary buildings with grated windows. In Italy Mussolini was portrayed as a larger-than-life figure. It was the responsibility of the Ministry of Popular Culture to provide newsreels, radio broadcasts, and newspaper stories glorifying M.

6. Analyze the visual record
Arthur Szyk’s The Four Horsemen
Contrast the point of view of the cartoon below with the one to the left. Be sure to support you key point with analysis.
Analyze the visual record
The artist, W. Schulz, criticizes Mussolini for wanting to return Italy to the greatness of the Roman Empire. This cartoon was drawn in response to Mussolini’s speech on 1/3/25 in which he confirmed his dictatorship in Italy and said that only he could bring order to the country. In this cartoon he satirizes Mussolini for thinking himself a new Roman emperor. Instead of being pulled on his chariot through majestic streets, M. is pulled past dreary buildings with grated windows. In Italy Mussolini was portrayed as a larger-than-life figure. It was the responsibility of the Ministry of Popular Culture to provide newsreels, radio broadcasts, and newspaper stories glorifying M.

8. Asmara:
A Museum of Art Deco/ Futurism

9. Note Taking Transparency 168B

10. Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

11. Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

12. The Rise of Totalitarianism
Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany, pp
1. The Weimar Republic’s Rise and Fall
The democratic government known as the Weimar Republic suffered from the competition of too many small parties and economic disasters. Still, it was a prolific time for artists, who stimulated new movements, such as Dadaism.
Discuss Vocabulary: chancellor, Ruhr Valley
Discuss Checkpoint, pp. 913
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What did the narrator fear most that night?” (She was afraid of being killed.) “What does her experience suggest about the Nazis’ methods?” (Sample: ruthless)
When showing Color Transparency 172, have students predict what kind of leader he would be.
When showing color Transparency 173, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.

13. Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
2. The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power
The Great Depression and the feeling that the Weimar government was weak, led to the rise of Adolf Hitler. He appealed to veterans, workers, the lower middle classes, and business people with his promises to rearm Germany, create jobs, and end reparations.
Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium
Discuss Checkpoint, pp. 914
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What did the narrator fear most that night?” (She was afraid of being killed.) “What does her experience suggest about the Nazis’ methods?” (Sample: ruthless)
When showing Color Transparency 172, have students predict what kind of leader he would be.
When showing color Transparency 173, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.

14. Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
3. The Third Reich Controls Germany
Hitler and the Nazis moved quickly to change Germany’s course. They put people to work through public works programs; they terrorized dissenters; they placed restrictions on Jews, who were blamed for Germany’s loss in World War I; and they denounced modern art and Christianity.
Discuss: Vocabulary: Gestapo, Nuremberg Laws, Führer, Mein Kampf, Lebensraum.
Discuss Checkpoint, pp. 916
Discuss Witness History Audio: The Nazis in Control of Germany, pp 912 document
What did the narrator fear most that night?
What does her experience suggest about the Nazis’ methods?

15. Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
4. Review using the following: key points of fascism, Nazi style
5. Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe
Just as in Germany, many nations in Eastern Europe came under dictatorships. Ethnic and religious conflicts rose in the new states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and elsewhere.
Color Transparency 173: Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe, 1936
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “What did the narrator fear most that night?” (She was afraid of being killed.) “What does her experience suggest about the Nazis’ methods?” (Sample: ruthless)
When showing Color Transparency 172, have students predict what kind of leader he would be.
When showing color Transparency 173, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Discuss Chart, pp. 917
Discuss Checkpoint, pp. 917
Note Taking Transparency 170
Progress Monitoring Transparency

16. Note Taking Transparency 170

17. Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium
This was an annual event but the most famous was the 1934 immortalized by Leni Riefenstahl. They were well-planned theatrical performances. About an hour before the rally began, military bands played martial music. Stormtroopers disposed of any dissidents as thousands of cheering crowd members waved banners. Hitler commanded great enthusiasm and loyalty among his followers.

18. Color Transparency 173: Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe, 1936
Which nations have the most complex ethnic groupings?
Chechloslovakia (Germans, Slovaks, Czechs)
Poland (Poles, White Russians, Ukranians)
Yugoslavia (Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Bosnian Muslims)

19. Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

20. Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

21. Current Assignment due 2/21
Read text, pp , identifying 5 new terms and answering 3 Checkpoint questions.
Take Section Auto-test
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
Benito Mussolini- son of a socialist blacksmith and school teacher, he rejected his early socialist leanings organized veterans and other discontented Italians into the fascist party. The fasces symbolize unity and authority.
Black Shirts – party militants who rejected the democratic process in favor of violent action. They used fear and intimidation against enemies – press, socialists, farmers’ cooperatives – to oust officials and get what they wanted. People had little faith in constitutional gov’t and so went along.
March on Rome – 1922 Fascists swarm the capital to demand that the gov’t make changes. King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a gov’t as Prime Minister.
Checkpoint, pp. 899: How did postwar disillusion contribute to Mussolini’s rise?
It united Italians in their desire for a new, more effective gov’t however aggressive.
Mussolini’s Rule
Checkpoint, pp. 900: How did the fascist gov’t transform Italy’s government and economy? Fascist rule changed Italy’s gov’t to a dictatorship upheld by terror, brought the economy under state control, and altered domestic life.
The Nature of Fascism
Totalitarian State – one-party dictatorship attempts to regulate all aspects of lives of citizens.
Fascism – centralized authoritarian government whose policies glorify the state over the individual, and are destructive to civil rights. Different things in different countries.
Checkpoint, pp. 902: Describe the similarities between fascism and communism. Intense loyalty tp gov’t or leader, use of terror, promotion of social change.

22. Assignment 1: due 2/22 Study PP slides
Read Infographic, pp and answer questions, Thinking Critically
Complete Note Taking Activity: What is Fascism, pp. 901
Infographic, pp : Thinking Critically
To create a constant flow of people willing to serve the gov’t.
To reinforce traditional roles and to create as many new soldiers and loyal citizens as possible.

23. Assignment 2: due 2/23
Read text, pp , identifying 5 new terms and answering 3 Checkpoint questions.
Take Section Auto-test
Chancellor: prime minister (Hitler declared C. in 1933)
Ruhr Valley: coal-rich industrial center in western Germany
Checkpoint, pp. 913: The Weimar Republic was torn apart by extreme competing parties and conflict with France over the Versailles Treaty. Economically, the republic was troubled by runaway inflation in the ’20s and the depression in the ’30s.
Checkpoint, pp. 914: The Nazi party’s ideology was based on anti-Semitism, pride in Germany’s past and revenge for the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler planned to defy the Versailles Treaty, create jobs, and bring Germany back to greatness.
Third Reich: Identification of German identity used by Nazis. (First Reich, that of Holy Roman Empire ending with Napoleon abolishing it in 1806 replacing it with the Confederation of the Rhine. Second Reich was that of Bismarck: Third Reich was ’33-45)
Gestapo-Nazi secret police (Headed by Heinrich Himmler)
Nuremberg Laws-Passed in ’35 depriving Jews of German citizenship and placing severe restrictions on them, e.g. prohibited them from marrying non-Jews, teaching in universities, practicing law and medicine.
Checkpoint, pp. 916: The Nazi party maintained power by keeping some of Hitler’s promises and brutally cracking down on dissent.
Chart, pp. 917: Germany would suffer from the loss of talent and ability.
Checkpoint, pp. 917: Economic problems, ethnic tensions, inexperience with democracy fostered the rise of totalitarian states in Eastern Europe.

24. Assignment 3: due 2/24
Answer questions beneath 3 captions, Section 5. Study PP slides
Unit Test Preparation, pp. 920
Chapter 28 Auto-Test
Notes: Chapter 28 Test, on calendar for Wed. 2/29

25. Assignment 4: Getting Ready
Test Preparation - Chapter 28
Use resources on pp
Reread lecture notes (3)
Prepare practice essay for Tues., 2/28 ed
Test: Wednesday, February 29