1. SEAL English Exam Review 2015

2. Spelling Rules… 1. Using I Before E
Use i before e, except after c, or when sounded as "a" as in "neighbour" and "weigh." EXAMPLES: believe, chief, piece, and thief; deceive, receive, weigh, and freight COMMON EXCEPTIONS: efficient, weird, height, neither, ancient, caffeine, foreign

3. Spelling Rules… 2. Dropping the Final E
Drop the final e before a suffix beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) but not before a suffix beginning with a consonant. EXAMPLES: ride + ing = riding guide + ance = guidance hope + ing = hoping entire + ly = entirely like + ness = likeness arrange + ment = arrangement COMMON EXCEPTIONS: truly, noticeable

4. Spelling Rules… Changing a Final Y to I
Change a final y to i before a suffix, unless the suffix begins with i. EXAMPLES: defy + ance = defiance party + es = parties pity + ful = pitiful try + es = tries try + ing = trying copy + ing = copying occupy + ing = occupying COMMON EXCEPTIONS: journeying, memorize

5. Spelling Rules… Doubling a Final Consonant
Double a final single consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel when both of these conditions exist: (a) a single vowel precedes the consonant; (b) the consonant ends an accented syllable or a one-syllable word. EXAMPLES: stop + ing = stopping admit + ed = admitted occur + ence = occurrence stoop + ing = stooping benefit + ed = benefited delight + ful = delightful

6. 26 Most misspelled words Separate Definitely Manoeuvre Embarrass
Occurrence
Consensus
Unnecessary
Acceptable
Commitment
Referred
Accidentally
Bureaucracy
Supersede
Questionnaire
Connoisseur
A lot
Entrepreneur
Particularly
Liquefy
Conscience
Parallel
Independent
Weird
Harass
Harassment

7. Tense…past, present, future
Past tense: Verbs that take place in the past.
Present tense: Verbs that take place in the present.
Future tense: Verbs that will take place in the future
Past
Present
Future
Walked
walking
Will walk
Played
playing
Will play

8. Adjectives…
Describing words that describe a noun… Can you think of a word to describe your hair? Can you think of words to describe the sky? Can you think of words to describe a man? Can you think of words to describe a table?

9. Adverbs
Words that describes or modifies the verb… The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes. The midwives waited patiently through a long labour. Jenny walks carefully to avoid falling. Bob accidentally broke the vase. What is an adverb for walked? What is an adverb for swam?

10. Homonyms and Homophones
HOMONYM Words that have same spelling and sound but different meaning… E.g. Bark and Bark Do you know any more? HOMOPHONE Words that sound the same but are spelled differently and have different meaning… E.g. Sea and See

11. Antonyms and Synonyms
Antonyms – words that mean the opposite Find antonyms for these words… cold happy funny night bright Synonyms – words that are similar Find synonyms for these words… white sad pleasant thin dirty

12. Figurative language
Personification – giving an inanimate object or concept human traits – E.g. The wind playfully lifted the cloth and flipped it over. Simile – a phrase that compares two things as being alike (as or like) – E.g. Her hair was like springs. Metaphor – a figure of speech that speaks of one thing as though it is the other E.g. The man is a snake. Alliteration – a phrase of a series of words that start with the same letter E.g. Big Bold Bandit

13. Reading Comprehension
Media Texts use persuasive techniques to influence the reader…
Some of the various types of persuasive texts include:
News articles
Editorials
Letter to the Editor
Advertisement
Magazine article
You will be asked to read and identify the techniques in a Media text…

14. Persuasive Techniques
Appeals – what is the writer trying to appeal to?
Logical (Logos)
Emotional (Pathos)
Ethical (Ethos)

15. Appeals to LOGIC (LOGOS) – Techniques – usually factual
Expert opinion Research Anecdotes Reputable sources - references and experts Appeals to common sense and rationality: Cause and effect statements and logical conclusions: Recognition of opposing viewpoints

16. Appeals to EMOTION (PATHOS) - Techniques
Selection of words with specific connotations Sound language – alliteration, colloquial or idioms, repetition, cliches Generalisations (Stereotypes) Hyperbole or exaggeration Inclusive language Rhetorical questions Appeal to values (family, justice or fairness, modernity, vanity, generosity, hip pocket, humanitarianism, belonging, patriotism, tradition)

17. Pathos appeals to emotion…
a) Nostalgia: Nostalgia is the feeling one gets when they look back on the past fondly. Often, appeals to nostalgia are used to justify a return to older, simpler times.
b) Guilt: Guilt is a powerful emotion and writers who make their audience feel guilty about an issue (and, in particular, about not acting upon an issue) can be very persuasive
c) Sympathy/empathy: Encouraging people to feel sympathy for someone (sorry for them) or empathy (put themselves in another’s shoes)
d) Fear: Appeals to fear may rely on fear of physical violence or death; of loss of security, family, stability, money, safety; of change; of a specified negative event.
e) Compassion: A description of the plight of the underprivileged is designed to appeal to the reader’s sense of compassion it aims to make them feel outraged, sorry, or upset. Whatever the emotion elicited, the aim is to cause the reader to feel like they want to take some action in response to the situation

18. Pathos appeals…
Once you have identified the emotional appeal, you should be able to identify its effect, as the author is trying to position you to feel a particular way about their topic.

19. Appeals to ETHICS…(ETHOS)
Well-informed about the topic
Confident in his or her position
Sincere, honest, respectable and trustworthy
Understanding of the reader's concerns and possible objections
On the reader’s side
Reasonable and rational
Humane and considerate
THESE ARE DELIBERATE TECHNIQUES USED TO PERSUADE

20. Visuals can persuade to…
Images, such as pictures or graphics are included in some texts They should be part of the analysis as they do not have a contention or support the contention of the author They may contain symbols that represent something in relation to the text OR establish a tone or mood for the text Look at how the visual and caption work together to convey an idea Is the caption a ‘loaded statement’?

21. Things to look for in articles…
Words that indicate TONE
EMOTIVE LANGUAGE (adjectives)
 Words that indicate a POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONNOTATION
 APPEALS what are being used?
 LOADED WORDS or PHRASES that position the reader
 EXPERT OPINIONS that give credibility to article
 ATTACK OR PRAISE depending on contention
 INCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVE language
 EXAGGERATION or HYPERBOLE
 ANECDOTAL STORIES or ANALOGIES of other cases or situations used for comparison
 GENERALISATIONS or creating STEREOTYPES from a few examples
 SOLUTION offered to help

22. Persuasive techniques…
Rhetorical question
Repetition
Exaggeration – hyperbole
Similes and metaphors
Appeal to fear, greed, logic, patriotism, fairness, justice, safety
Praise and attack
Inclusive language
Emotive language (adjectives, adverbs)
Statistics
Expert opinions
Eye-witnesses – quotes
Examples or anecdotal stories
Comparisons or contrasts

23. Biased or Unbiased?
Biased - unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something
Unbiased - showing no prejudice for or against something; impartial
Is there any missing information?
How does the writer treat people they have written about?
Are some quotes explained or embellished?
Has a ‘tone’ been created by the writer that may influence?
Have loaded words or statements (buzz words) been used?
Has the writer tried to identify, include or stereotype the reader?
How are people portrayed in the image?
Is the opposite to this story represented?
Are the statistics reliable?
Is the headline suggestive or leading?
Is there another agenda associated to this article (Political)?

24. Idiom…what is it?
An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. They mean something more than what they appear to mean… They are usually used in a text to emphasise something… E.g. All Bark And No Bite: When someone is threatening and/or aggressive but not willing to engage in a fight. All Greek to me: Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read, speak, or understand any of the Greek language would be. All In The Same Boat: When everyone is facing the same challenges. An Arm And A Leg: Very expensive. A large amount of money.

25. Essays…
Are a discussion with the reader that should show your knowledge and understanding of…
The studied text
The question being asked
They must consider the reader and provide sufficient detail, signposting and linking across the essay.

26. Structure of the essay TEEL structure for body paragraphs
T – Topic sentence
E – Explain
E – Evidence or example
L – Link back to topic
Can use Firstly, secondly and thirdly but literary essays do not need these indicators.

27. Words for essays…
Character conveys… The author emphasises… Suggests… Character portrays… Theme is represented… This can be highlighted… The character represents… This symbolises… The main message communicated is… The author appears to be questioning… Promotes… Indicates… Advocates…

28. Themes and symbolism
What themes in have social significance today? How does the author use symbolism to represent real world concepts and issues?

29. Lord of the Flies
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