1. Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School

2. Origin OF ROME ZBegins in the eighth century B.C.E ZEtruscans lived between Tiber and Arno rivers. Z Came from eastern Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor. ZGreek colonists lived in in southern Italy ZItalic peoples lived across the Alps as herders and small farmers ZBegins in the eighth century B.C.E ZEtruscans lived between Tiber and Arno rivers. Z Came from eastern Mediterranean, possibly Asia Minor. ZGreek colonists lived in in southern Italy ZItalic peoples lived across the Alps as herders and small farmers

3. Early Roman Political System Z Independent, fortified city-states. Z Formed small confederacies Z By 6c BCE, the Etruscan military had conquered much of the Italian peninsula, Z Independent, fortified city-states. Z Formed small confederacies Z By 6c BCE, the Etruscan military had conquered much of the Italian peninsula,

4. Etruscan Writing ZMost inscriptions found on tombs and monuments and mirrors. ZWe can pronounce Etruscan words, because they use an alphabet similar to Greek, but we have no clue about their meaning. ZOver 10,000 Etruscan inscriptions. ZMost inscriptions found on tombs and monuments and mirrors. ZWe can pronounce Etruscan words, because they use an alphabet similar to Greek, but we have no clue about their meaning. ZOver 10,000 Etruscan inscriptions.

5. The Etruscan Alphabet

6. Etruscan Religion ZPolytheistic. ZBelieved that the destiny of man was determined by the whims of the gods. ZBelieved in prophecy and reading the signs of nature by augurs. ZBelieved in predestination. ZPolytheistic. ZBelieved that the destiny of man was determined by the whims of the gods. ZBelieved in prophecy and reading the signs of nature by augurs. ZBelieved in predestination.

7. Etruscan Art ZArt created for religious or utilitarian purposes. ZMost famous pieces created out of terracotta. ZMany murals and frescoes on tomb walls. ZLively depictions of life—dancing, games, music, and feasting. ZPottery at first copies of Greek works. Later, created their own bronze pottery. ZBronze crafts [mirrors, bowls, candelabra]. ZArt created for religious or utilitarian purposes. ZMost famous pieces created out of terracotta. ZMany murals and frescoes on tomb walls. ZLively depictions of life—dancing, games, music, and feasting. ZPottery at first copies of Greek works. Later, created their own bronze pottery. ZBronze crafts [mirrors, bowls, candelabra].

8. Etruscan Bronzes

9. The Gate of Volterra: First known Archway in History!

10. Tarquin [Etruscan] Rulers of Rome Reign of Romulus 753-716 BCE Numa Pompilius 715-674 BCE Tullius Hostillius 673-642 BCE Anchus Marcius 642-617 BCE Lucius Tarquinian Priscus 616-579 BCE Servius Tullius 578-535 BCE Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 535-510 BCE 509 BCE  Roman Revolt  Republic Established!

11. ROMAN REPUBLIC Population was divided into two groupsPopulation was divided into two groups –Patricians were the hereditary aristocracy –Plebeians were the lower classes –The Twelve Tables gave the plebeians the right to become equipes (knights) –Later they also earned the right to serve in all public offices –Slavery was common with freed slave becoming “freedpersons”

12. ROMAN REPUBLIC Never a democracy to the extent that Athens was commoners did take partNever a democracy to the extent that Athens was commoners did take part Two consuls were the the chief civil authorities, could appoint a dictatorTwo consuls were the the chief civil authorities, could appoint a dictator Roman Senate was a key advisory bodyRoman Senate was a key advisory body The chief priest, the pontifex maximus presided over the state religionThe chief priest, the pontifex maximus presided over the state religion Roman society was based on “piety,” the value system that embraced devotion to the gods and familyRoman society was based on “piety,” the value system that embraced devotion to the gods and family

13. ROMAN CONQUEST Roman control of the Italian peninsula was based on alliances and annexationRoman control of the Italian peninsula was based on alliances and annexation The major threat to Roman domination was the Mediterranean power, CarthageThe major threat to Roman domination was the Mediterranean power, Carthage Series of 3 wars fought; Punic WarsSeries of 3 wars fought; Punic Wars –First ended with Rome taking Sicily –Second ended with Scipio of Rome defeating the legendary Hanibal, Zama –Third ended with the destruction of Carthage –Roman armies then moved east

14. REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Empire building led to great wealth, both for the state and entrepreneursEmpire building led to great wealth, both for the state and entrepreneurs Many small farmers lost their farms, aristocrats used slaves from conquestsMany small farmers lost their farms, aristocrats used slaves from conquests Rebellion by Spartacus showed the constant threat of slave revoltsRebellion by Spartacus showed the constant threat of slave revolts

15. THE RISE OF AUGUSTUS Tension between populares and optimates showed breakdown of early constitution that had served republicTension between populares and optimates showed breakdown of early constitution that had served republic Gaius Marius and Sulla had recruited private armies to take powerGaius Marius and Sulla had recruited private armies to take power Soon Julius Caesar used his army to seize power before he was killedSoon Julius Caesar used his army to seize power before he was killed His grand-nephew then used wealth and influence to build his own army and seize powerHis grand-nephew then used wealth and influence to build his own army and seize power

16. THE ROMAN EMPIRE Octavian defeated the armies of Marc Antony and Cleopatra (whom Julius Caesar had made queen of Egypt)Octavian defeated the armies of Marc Antony and Cleopatra (whom Julius Caesar had made queen of Egypt) Octavian received title of Augustus and established a new monarchy in RomeOctavian received title of Augustus and established a new monarchy in Rome As emperor he not only controlled the army but had ultimate civil authorityAs emperor he not only controlled the army but had ultimate civil authority He added to the Roman Empire in order to secure borders and promote tradeHe added to the Roman Empire in order to secure borders and promote trade