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Accelerated World History
November 2, 2015
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Warm Up – November 2, 2015 Video on Islamic Empires
Write down three facts you learned while watching the video.
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Agenda Rise of Islam & Islamic Empires (Ch. 10 & 18)
Debate – Who was the better empire? Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Reminders: Chapter 10 Outline due Ch. 15 GR due Tuesday
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Essential Question What makes an empire great?
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Section 2 Islam Expands In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents. NEXT
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Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader
SECTION 2 Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph • Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions • Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam • By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River Continued . . . NEXT
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Treatment of Conquered Peoples
SECTION 2 continued Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions • Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” NEXT
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Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis
SECTION 2 Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads • Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph • Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant • Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example— support Umayyads • Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads • In 750, a rebel group—the Abbasids—topple the Umayyads NEXT
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Control Extends Over Three Continents
SECTION 2 Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power • In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Baghdad • Location provides access to trade goods, gold, information • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire Continued . . . NEXT
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Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands
SECTION 2 continued Control Extends Over Three Continents Rival Groups Divide Muslim Lands • Independent Muslim states spring up; Shi’a Muslims form new caliphate • Fatimid caliphate—claim descent from Fatima, daughter of Muhammad • Begins in North Africa; spreads to Red Sea, western Arabia and Syria Muslim Trade Network • Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe • Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency, and checks • Córdoba, in al-Andalus, is dazzling center of Muslim culture NEXT
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Muslim Culture Section 3
Muslims combine and preserve the traditions of many peoples and also advance learning in a variety of areas. NEXT
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Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities
SECTION 3 Muslim Culture Muslim Society The Rise of Muslim Cities • Leading cities include Damascus, Baghdad, Córdoba, Cairo, Jerusalem • Baghdad, impressive Abbasid capital; population around one million Four Social Classes • Muslim society: Muslims at birth, converts, protected people, slaves • “Protected people” were Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians Role of Women • Women enjoy some rights but expected to submit to men • Women’s responsibilities vary with husbands’ income NEXT
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Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge
SECTION 3 Muslim Scholarship Extends Knowledge Muslims Support Learning • Muslims use scientific knowledge to help fulfill religious duties • Muhammad valued power of learning, study, scholarship • Muslim scholars preserve and translate scientific, philosophical texts • House of Wisdom—Bagdad institute: library, academy, translation center NEXT
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Art and Sciences Flourish
SECTION 3 Art and Sciences Flourish Muslim Literature • Qu’ran is standard for Arabic literature; praise for Muhammad, Islam • Abbasid caliphate poets write of nature, life, and love • Popular literature includes The Thousand and One Nights Muslim Art and Architecture • Islam discourages images of living things, artists turn to calligraphy • Calligraphy—art of beautiful handwriting • Architecture of Muslim mosques is blend of many cultures Continued . . . NEXT
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Math and Science Stretch Horizons
SECTION 3 continued Art and Sciences Flourish Medical Advances • Persian al-Razi is greatest physician, from 500 to 1500 • Al-Razi writes encyclopedia of medical knowledge Math and Science Stretch Horizons • Muslim scientists solve problems through experimentation • Al-Khwarizmi develops algebra and writes textbook • Mathematician Ibn al-Haytham changes ideas about vision NEXT
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Philosophy and Religion Blend Views
SECTION 3 Philosophy and Religion Blend Views Scholars Promote New Ideas • Ibn Rushd is criticized for blending Greek philosophy with Islam • Jewish philosopher Maimonides faces opposition for his ideas • Blends philosophy, religion, science in The Guide for the Perplexed The “Ideal Man” • Muslims recognize values of many cultures; enjoy a blended culture • Emerging Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal empires reflect Muslim culture NEXT
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The Muslim World Expands, 1300–1700
Three great Muslim powers—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires—emerge between 1300 and By 1700 all three were in decline. Suleyman the Lawgiver. NEXT
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The Muslim World Expands, 1300–1700
SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire SECTION 2 CASE STUDY: Cultural Blending SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India These are my notes for slide 2 Map NEXT
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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Section 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire The Ottomans establish a Muslim empire that combine many cultures and lasted for more than 600 years. NEXT
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The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
SECTION 1 The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Turks Move into Byzantium Turkish Warriors • Many Turks live in Anatolia, on edge of Byzantine Empire • Many see themselves as ghazis—warriors who fight for Islam Osman Establishes a State • From 1300 to 1326, Osman, successful ghazi, builds state in Anatolia • Europeans call him Othman and followers Ottomans • Ottomans win battles because they use muskets and cannons • Successors expand state through alliances and land buying Image Continued . . . NEXT
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Osman Establishes a State
SECTION 1 continued Turks Move into Byzantium Osman Establishes a State • Orkhan, Osman’s son, declares himself sultan— overlord • In 1361, Turks conquer Adrianople • Ottomans rule fairly over conquered peoples Timur the Lame Halts Expansion • Timur the Lame—Tamerlane—rises to power in Central Asia • Timur defeats Ottomans in 1402, burning Baghdad NEXT
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Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
SECTION 1 Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Murad II • Murad II begins expansion Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople • Murad’s son, Mehmed II, conquers Constantinople in 1453 • Opens city to Jews, Christians, and Muslims and rebuilds Image Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy Cities • In 1512, Selim the Grim, Mehmed’s grandson, comes to power • He defeats Persian Safavids and pushes into North Africa • Conquers Mecca, Medina, and Cairo: important Muslim cities NEXT
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Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler The Empire Reaches Its Limits
SECTION 1 Suleyman the Lawgiver A Great Ruler • Suleyman the Lawgiver, Selim’s son, rules from 1520 to 1566 Image The Empire Reaches Its Limits • Suleyman conquers Belgrade (1521) and Rhodes (1522) • Ottomans control eastern Mediterranean • Turks take North African coastline, control inland trade routes • Suleyman’s forces advance to Vienna • By 1526, Ottoman Empire is the largest in the world Interactive Continued . . . NEXT
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Highly Structured Social Organization
SECTION 1 continued Suleyman the Lawgiver Highly Structured Social Organization • Suleyman creates law code, reduces bureaucracy, simplifies taxation • Army uses devshirme—drafts boys from conquered lands • Trains 30,000 elite soldiers—janissaries—loyal only to the sultan • Jews and Christians allowed to practice own religion Cultural Flowering • Suleyman’s broad interests lead to flourishing of arts, learning • Sinan, brilliant architect, designs magnificent Mosque of Suleyman Image NEXT
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The Empire Declines Slowly
SECTION 1 The Empire Declines Slowly Gradual Fall • Suleyman kills one son and exiles another • Third son inherits throne but rules weakly • Later sultans kill their brothers and leave their sons uneducated • Long line of weak sultans leads to empire’s eventual fall NEXT
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Cultural Blending Section 2
CASE STUDY: The Safavid Empire The Safavid Empire produce a rich and complex blended culture in Persia. NEXT
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Cultural Blending Patterns of Cultural Blending
SECTION 2 Cultural Blending CASE STUDY:The Safavid Empire Patterns of Cultural Blending Cultural Blending in Persia • Between16th and 18th centuries a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty ruled Persia • Safavid Empire—Shi’ite Muslim dynasty from 16th to 18th centuries Causes of Cultural Blending • Changes occur through migration, conquest, trade, or religion Results of Cultural Blending • Changes in language, religion, government, use of technology • Racial and ethnic blending, intermarriage • Cultural styles adapted into arts and architecture NEXT
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The Safavids Build an Empire
SECTION 2 The Safavids Build an Empire Safavid Origins • Begins as religious order named for founder • Safavids concentrate on building powerful military Isma’il Conquers Persia • Fourteen-year-old Isma’il conquers Iran by 1451 • Takes title of shah—king • Makes Shi’a Islam official religion; kills Sunnis • Son, Tahmasp, greatly expands empire NEXT
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A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great Reforms A New Capital Art Works
SECTION 2 A Safavid Golden Age Abbas the Great • Shah Abbas—Abbas the Great—takes throne in 1587 Image Reforms • Helps create a thriving Safavid culture • Reforms military and government; brings in Christian trade A New Capital • Esfahan—new capital—is one of world’s most beautiful cities Art Works • Chinese artisans blend Chinese and Persian styles Carpets • Carpet weaving becomes national industry NEXT
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The Dynasty Declines Quickly
SECTION 2 The Dynasty Declines Quickly The Safavid Empire Weakens • Abbas kills and blinds his ablest sons • Safi, Abbas’s incompetent grandson, leads to empire’s decline • By 1722, the empire is losing land to the Ottomans and Afghans • Nadir Shah Afshar expands the empire, but it falls apart in 1747 NEXT
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The Mughal Empire in India
Section 3 The Mughal Empire in India The Mughal Empire brings Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire. NEXT
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The Mughal Empire in India
SECTION 3 The Mughal Empire in India Early History of the Mughals Mongol Invaders • Mughals, or Mongols, invade northwestern India Conflict • Muslims and Hindus fight for almost 300 years • In 1000, loose empire of Turkish warlords—Delhi Sultanate—forms Delhi Sultanate • Sultans rule from Delhi between 13th and 16th centuries • Timur the Lame destroys Delhi in 1398 NEXT
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Early History of the Mughals
SECTION 3 Early History of the Mughals Babur Founds an Empire • Babur becomes king of small land in Central Asia at age 11 • Is dethroned and driven south into India • Army conquers much of northern India, forming Mughal Empire • Son Humayun loses most of the territory Babur conquered • Babur’s grandson succeeds Humayan Map NEXT
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Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson A Military Conqueror
SECTION 3 Akbar’s Golden Age Babur’s Grandson • Akbar—“Greatest One”— rules India from 1556 to 1605 Image A Military Conqueror • Akbar uses cannons; names native Indians as officers A Liberal Ruler • Akbar allows religious freedom and abolishes tax on non-Muslims • Akbar allows all people a chance to serve in high government office • Hindu finance minister develops better tax plan; income grows • Akbar gives land to his officials, then reclaims it when they die Continued . . . NEXT
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The Arts and Literature
SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Golden Age A Flowering of Culture • Many cultures blend, mixing art, education, politics, and language • New languages like Hindi and Urdu emerge The Arts and Literature • Book illustrations, called miniatures, flourish • Hindu literature reemerges during Akbar’s rule Image Architecture • New architectural style named for Akbar develops Image NEXT
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Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan
SECTION 3 Akbar’s Successors Jahangir and Nur Jahan • Akbar’s son, Jahangir, allows wife Nur Jahan to control government • Nur Jahan appoints her father prime minister • Nur Jahan favors son Khusrau over other sons • Khusrau rebels, supported by Sikhs, nonviolent religious group • Sikhs become targets of Mughal hatred Continued . . . NEXT
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Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor,
SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan • Shah Jahan—Jahangir’s son and successor, marries Persian princess • Assassinates all competitors for throne • His wife dies while giving birth to her 14th child in 1631 • Taj Mahal—huge marble tomb Shah Jahan builds for his wife • Taj Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings in the world Image Continued . . . NEXT
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The People Suffer Aurangzeb’s Reign
SECTION 3 continued Akbar’s Successors The People Suffer • People suffer paying for wars and monuments • Shah Jahan’s third son—Aurangzeb—imprisons father and takes over Aurangzeb’s Reign • Rules between 1658 and 1707; expands empire to its largest • Strictly enforces Islamic law and attempts to get rid of Hindus • Hindus rebel and Sikhs become militant • Levies oppressive taxes on Hindus, causing more rebellion NEXT
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The Empire’s Decline and Decay
SECTION 3 The Empire’s Decline and Decay The Mughal Empire Crumbles • Over 2 million people die of famine while Aurangzeb wages war • Emperor becomes a figurehead; empire breaks into separate states • Meanwhile, traders arrive from England, Holland, France, Portugal • European traders gain key ports NEXT
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