1. Research Methods How we collect the data Strengths/Weaknesses for each

2. Theories organized systems of assumptions that purport to explain phenomena and their interrelationships. Hypotheses attempt to predict or specify relationships among variables, which are empirically tested. Operational definitions define terms in hypotheses by specifying the operations for observing and measuring them Things to Know

3. Option 1: “True” experiment Terms: variable, population vs. sample (2 key types*) Independent & Dependent Variables Experimental & Control Conditions placebo (an inactive substance or fake treatment). Cause and Effect*** Generalizability Issue

4. Option 2: Correlational

5. Correlational Info Coerrelational Coefficient: (-1 to +1) Aids in prediction and provides information Causality Issue 3 rd Variable Problem

6. Option 3: Survey/Questionnaire Quick, easy, and lots of Information Sampling Issue Wording of the Questions Presentation Effect Quick and Inexpensive

7. Option 4: Case Study Small number of subjects/participants “special” population Lots of information Generalizability Issue?

8. Option 5: Naturalistic Observation Obtrusive vs. Unobtrusive External Validity Confounding Variables?

9. Other Issues Sources of Bias: Researcher/Experimenter, Participant (*Double-Blind designs) Standardization Reliability & Validity

10. The Ethics of Studying Humans Informed consent. Freedom to withdraw at any time. Minimize discomfort. Keep data confidential. If deception is necessary, debriefing must occur.