2. Excellent and Exciting Ecology l Chapter 52 ~ An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere I am the Lorax. I speak for the trees. I speak for the trees, for the trees have no tongues.

3. Vocabulary l Ecology: the study of interactions between organisms and their environments

4. l How organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges of the environment l What affects population size and why it changes l Interactions between species

5. l Energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment l Connected ecosystems l Regional changes in energy and materials influences other places

6. Species Distribution How species interact with their environment determines where they live (distribution)

7. Interactions Between Organisms and Environment l Biotic – living components of the environment (other species) l Predation l Parasitism l Competition l Disease

8. Interactions Between Organisms and Environment l Abiotic: non-living components l Temperature l Light l Water l Nutrients l Salinity l Rocks/Soil l Climate (macro/micro)

9. Global Climate l Climate is the prevailing weather in an area l Temperature and Water are major factors determining climate

10. Ocean currents influence climate along coasts

11. Intensity and angle of sunlight affect climate

12. Air Circulation and Wind Patterns affect climate

13. Mountains affect sunlight, temperature and rainfall

14. Biomes l Major terrestrial or aquatic life zones l Characterized by vegetation type and physical environment

15. Aquatic Biomes

16. Aquatic biomes Vertical stratification: l Photic zone~ photosynthetic light l Aphotic zone~ little light l Benthic zone ~ substrate at bottom of aquatic biomes l Benthos~ community of organisms in benthic zone l Detritus~ dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms l Thermocline~ narrow stratum of rapid temperature change

18. Standing bodies of water (lakes) l Lake classification : oligotrophic~ deep, nutrient poor eutrophic~ shallow, high nutrient content, murky water

20. Wetlands l Habitat inundated by water at least some of the time l Plants adapted to water saturated soil

22. Moving bodies of water (streams and rivers) l Nutrient content depends on overhanging vegetation, usually HIGH OXYGEN content because of turbulence

23. Estuary l Transition area between a river and sea l Seawater enters during rising tide and returns to sea when tide falls

25. Intertidal Zone l Periodically submerged and exposed by tides l Happens twice daily on marine shores l Variation in temp, salinity and air exposure

27. Ocean Pelagic l Open blue water, mixed by wind driven ocean currents l 70% of Earth’s surface

28. Coral Reefs l Formed from Calcium carbonate skeletons of corals l Found mainly in Tropical areas l Need high oxygen levels

30. Marine Benthic Zone l Seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone and the pelagic zone l Most receive no sunlight l Water temperature declines with depth l Chemoautotrophic prokaryotes are producers in deep sea hydrothermal vents

32. Terrestrial Biomes

34. Tropical Forest l Found near equator l Rainfall constant (200-400 cm annually) Air Temperature high year-round (25-29 ˚ C) l Vertical layering with canopy

36. Desert 30 ˚ North and south latitude l Precipitation low and variable (less than 30 cm per year l Temp varies by season and daily (not always hot in the desert) l Adaptations include water conservation/storage

38. Savanna l Found near equator l Rainfall averages 30-50 cm per year l Dry season can be 8-9 months l Temp warm year round l Scattered trees, many grasses l (Think Lion King )

40. Chaparral l Mid-latitude coastal regions l Seasonal Precipitation l Rainy winters, long dry summers l Shrubs, small trees l Adaptations to drought and fire

42. Temperate Grassland l Seasonal precipitation l Dry winters, wet summers l Periodic drought is common l Cold winters, hot summers l Grasses l Large grazing mammals (bison)

44. Coniferous Forest (Taiga) l Northern North America and Eurasia l Cold, long winters, hot summers l Cone bearing trees l Migratory birds, moose, brown bears

46. Temperate Broadleaf Forest l Mid-latitudes in Northern hemisphere l 70-200 cm of rain annually l Cold winters, hot humid summers l Closed canopy l Deciduous trees (lose leaves in winter)

48. Tundra l Arctic regions l High winds, low temperatures l 20-60 cm of precipitation l Long, cold winters, short summers with low temperatures l Permafrost – permanently frozen layer of soil