1. CH 34 & 35
Ecology

2. 34.1 The Biosphere is the Global Ecosystem
Ecology = study of organisms and their environment
Biotic Factors = living components of ecosystem
Examples…
Abiotic Factors = nonliving components of ecosystem

3. Levels of Study
Individual Organisms
Examples

4. Levels of Study
Populations = group of same species living in the same area
Examples

5. Levels of Study
Communities = all of the organisms living in the same area
Examples

6. 34.1 5 Levels of Study Ecosystems = abiotic plus biotic factors
Examples

7. Levels of Study
Biosphere = sum of all ecosystems

8. 34.1 Patchiness Uneven distribution of factors creates habitats
Habitat = specific environment in which organisms live
Examples
Forests
Marshes
Ponds

9. 34.1 Key Abiotic Factors Sunlight Water Temperature Soil Wind
Severe Disturbances

10. 34.1 Concept Check Questions
1. Draw a diagram showing the relationship among the five levels of ecological study.

11. 1.
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism

12. 34.1 Concept Check Questions
2. Describe what is meant by the "patchiness" of the environment.

13. 34.1 Concept Check Questions
3. Explain the importance of sunlight as an abiotic factor in terrestrial ecosystems.
Controls:
Temperature
Humidity
Photosynthesis rates
Etc.

14. 34.1 Concept Check Questions
4. Define biotic and abiotic factors and give an example of each for a particular ecosystem.
Biotic- living factor
Grass, bacteria, squirrel, tree
Abiotic – nonliving factor
Rock, water, air

15. 34.1 Concept Check Questions
5. Explain why it is more accurate to define the biosphere as the global ecosystem than as the global community.
The biosphere includes abiotic as well as biotic features… therefore the term ecosystem is more appropriate.

16. 34.2 Climate determines patterns in the biosphere
Sun’s rays produce 3 zones:
Arctic
Temperate
Tropic

17. 34.2
Difference in temperatures produces winds… adding to effect

18. 34.2
Local Climate = daily weather for a small area (Sycamore vs. Chicago)
Can be different due to…
Lake Michigan
Mississipi River
Valley
Microclimate = differences within area
Due to shade, buildings, above/below ground

19. Concept Check 34.2
1. Explain how the uneven heating of Earth's surface creates different temperature zones. 2. How do surface currents affect climate patterns? 3. Why might a town located on a large lake be cooler in the summer than a town 100 kilometers away from the lake? 4. Give an example of a microclimate

20. 34.3
Biome = major type of terrestrial ecosystem that covers a large area of land

21. Major Biomes tropical rain forest savanna desert chaparral
temperate grassland
temperate deciduous forest
coniferous forest
tundra

22. Tropical Rainforest Warm temps Up to 350 cm of precipitation/yr
Diverse life forms
Tall trees
Poor soil quality

23. Savanna Grassland with scattered shrubs and trees Wet and dry seasons
Mainly warm

24. Desert Less than 30cm of precip/yr Hot days/cold nights
Can be all cold

25. Chaparral
Along coasts
Evergreen shrubs
Wet winters
hot dry summers

26. Temperate Grassland
Warm summers
Cold winters
Occasional fires

27. Deciduous Forest Significant precipitation Trees drop leaves each year
Warm summers, cold winters

28. Coniferous Forest Dry and cold Evergreens Trees do NOT drop leaves
AKA tiaga

29. Tundra Permafrost Plants are low and shrubby Alpine or arctic
Low light

30. Concept Check 34.3
1. What factors determine the type of biome in an area? 2. Compare and contrast tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, and coniferous forests. 3. Give an example of how a desert organism has adapted to the abiotic conditions there.

31. Climate (temperature & precipitation) and Latitude

32. 34.4

33. Concept Check 34.4
1. Describe the abiotic factors that affect organisms in ponds, streams, and estuaries. 2. Compare and contrast the intertidal zone, neritic zone, and oceanic zone. 3. Discuss sunlight as an abiotic factor in coral reefs and vent communities.