2. Structure and Function of Macromolecules

3. Four Main Types of Macromolecules  Macromolecules are constructed of smaller units repeating units called monomers  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

4. Making and breaking of polymers:  1. Making polymers  Dehydration Synthesis  Losing a water molecule to join two monomers together.  Anabolic reaction Building polymers  2. Breaking Polymers  Hydrolysis  Water molecules break polymers apart.  Catabolic reaction Breaking down polymers

6. Carbohydrates  monomer  monosaccharides  known as simple sugars  Disaccharide  All have a ratio of 1:2:1 ratio of C:O:H  CH 2 O

7. Monosaccharides:  Examples:  pentose sugars.  5 carbons.  Ribose  Deoxyribose  Ribulose  hexose sugars  6 carbons  Glucose,  Galactose  Fructose.  Typically ring shaped in aqueous environments like the cell.

9. Disaccharides: These are double sugars with the formula C 11 H 22 O 11 

10. Polysaccharides  The basic formula is ( C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n. These are macromolecules capable of acting as structural or storage molecules.

11. Polysaccharides  Composed of repeating glucose molecules.  Storage  Starch  Found in plants roots  Bulky molecule  Glycogen  Found in liver of animals  More compact

13. Structural Polysaccharides  Cellulose  Found in plant walls  Cannot be digested by animals  Chitin  Only carbohydrate containing nitrogen.  Found in insect shells

14. Structural Polysaccharides:

15.  Fats are composed of:  Glycerol  3 carbon alcohol  3 fatty acid molecules

17. Saturated Verses Non-Saturated

18. Saturated or Unsaturated?  Saturated fatty acids  Single bond between carbons.  Found in animals  Typically solids at room temperature: Lard, butter  Unsaturated fatty acids  Contain one or more double bonds between the carbons.  Double reduces the number of hydrogens that that can be attached to the carbon in the molecule.  This causes the molecule to bend or kink at each of the double bond sites.  Found in plants  Typically liquids at room temperature: vegetable oil

19. Saturated vs UnSaturated Lipids Lipids: A group of polymers that have one characteristic in common, they do not mix with water. They are hydrophobic. Some important groups are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

20. Lipids  Provide insulation  Serves as an energy storage source 1g.=9 Kcal of energy  Shock absorber for internal organs.  Steroids and sex hormones are made from fats.

21. Phospholipids:  Structurally related to fats but contain 2 fatty acids and one molecule of phosphate.  These molecules are found making up the plasma membrane of cells.  Amphipathic  They exhibit a polar and non polar quality.  The phosphate group is hydrophilic while the fatty acid area is hydrophobic.

22. Steroids:  Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings.  Cholesterol is an important steroid found in all animal tissue.  Plants do not contain cholesterol.  Cholesterol is a precursor to steroids  Cholesterol adds fluidity to membranes.  Animals that live in cold climates have more cholesterol and unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes

24. Cholesterol

25. Proteins:  macromolecules that make up 50% of the dry weight of most cells.

26. Types of proteins:  1. Structural ( support)  examples: elastin, collagen, and keratin  2. Storage food source, examples:  ovalbumin and casein  3. Transport moves other substances,  examples: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins  Hormonal coordinates bodily activities,  example insulin,  5. Contractile movement,  examples: actin and myosin  6. Antibodies defense,  examples: Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G 7.  Enzymes aid in chemical reactions,  examples: amylase and proteases

27. Amino Acids:  Most amino acids consist of an asymmetrical carbon bonded to an, amino group, hydrogen, an R group,and a carboxyl group.

28. Amino Acids:  Most amino acids consist of an asymmetrical carbon bonded to an, amino group, hydrogen, an R group,and a carboxyl group.

29. Protein conformation:  refers to the three dimensional shape of a protein molecule. This shape is important to its function. If the conformation is changed, even slightly, then the function of the protein changes.

30. Nucleic Acids ( DNA and RNA)  Nucleotides: monomers that come together to form a nucleic acid. They contain either a ribose or deoxyribose sugar ( ribose has one more oxygen in its molecule), a phosphate and a nitrogen base

31. DNA Base pairing rules.

32. DNA