1. Cytology

2. Cell Theory All living things are made up of at least one cell
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism
Cells only come from the reproduction of other cells

3. Prokaryotic Cells Bacteria Extremely tiny (1-5 m)
Contain DNA, but lack nucleus
Only has a cell membrane-- no membrane bound organelles

4. Eukaryotic Cell Separate Domain than prokaryotes
Most fundamental difference in classification
Contain many membrane bound organelles
10-100x larger than prokaryotes
Plants, Animals Fungi, Protists

5. Cytoplasm Portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Fluid inside of the cell
Water based solution
Nutrients needed for life dissolved inside cell
Includes organelles

6. Nucleus—Control Center
Contains the cell’s DNA—genetic code
DNA bound in chromatin
Chromatin: thread like structure of Protein and DNA
Instructs cell how to make proteins
Enclosed by Nuclear Envelope-- a membrane
Contain nuclear pores-- allow certain materials to pass in and out of nucleus
Nucleolus—dense structure where ribosomes are assembled

7. Ribosomes Where proteins are assembled
No membrane (also found in prokaryotes)
Made of RNA (ribose) and protein
Can be either free floating or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
Extremely tiny

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Transport network
Moves molecules to different parts of the cell
System of membranes
Rough ER-Ribosomes attached
Easily transport newly synthesized proteins
Smooth ER– no ribosomes
Transport of other molecules

9. Golgi Apparatus Modification and packaging of molecules
Helps move materials into and out of cells
Works closely with ER
Stack-like membranes
Form vessicles
membrane bound sacs which hold material and move throughout the cell

10. Lysosome
Membranes that contain enzymes that break apart various molecules
Digestion or clean up
Vessicles that contain enzymes

11. Vacuole (mostly plants)
Large storage sacs for water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Pressure of large vacuoles allows plants to support large structures (i.e. leaves, flowers, etc)

12. Mitochondria Mitochondrion (s.), mitochondria (pl.)
Transfer energy stored in carbohydrates (and other organic molecules) into ATP.
Contain DNA
Bound by double membrane
Inner membrane folds to form christae
Inherited from mother
Likely formed from prokaryotes living within another cell-- endosymbiotic theory

13. Plastids (mostly plants)
Most common is chloroplast
Transform solar energy into chemical energy— photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll—green pigment
Thylakoid-- flat membranous sac where photosynthesis occurs
Contain DNA
Bound by a double membrane
Likely originally prokaryotic cell that lived within another (eukaryotic) cell

14. Cytoskeleton Gives cell shape and structure, also allow for movement
Network of protein filaments—microtubules
Support cell and transport materials
Also form cilia and flagella– structures for propulsion
Microfilaments
Smallest fibers, allow for movement of cell