1. 1. Themes: 1920’s has been referred to as Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die Return to normalcy US turned inward---isolationism Jazz Age first modern era in the U.S. change from a rural society to an urban. 2. Cultural clashes in US Traditional America vs a changing America Hostility towards un-American ideas Red ScareWhy? Feared communism……..Red Scare KKKRise of KKK Immigration restriction Sacco and Vanzetti

2. Scopes Trial---evolution vs creation Liberated woman vs traditional Flappers Margaret Sangor----Birth control African Americans move to the cities led to race riots Americans violate Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act 3. Revolution in styles and technologies. electricity, radio, automobile, mass media Fads---new dances, music & clothing 4. American heroes: Babe Ruth and Charles Lindbergh

3. 5. Presidents during the 1920’s Conservative Republicans Supported laissez faire Warren Harding 1921 to 1923 Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge 1921 to 1929 Coolidge-Mellon Fiscal Program 6. Foreign policy during the 1920’s and early 30s.

5. n Decade notable for obsessive interest in celebrities n Consumer Culture n Eat, drink & be merry, for tomorrow we die n Return to normalcy n US turned inward---isolationism n Jazz Age n first modern era in the U.S. n Break with Progressivism?

6. The Second Industrial Revolution n U.S. develops the highest standard of living in the world n The twenties and the second revolution –electricity replaces steam –Henry Ford’s modern assembly line introduced n Rise of the airline industry n Modern appliances and conveniences begin to change American society

8. The Automobile Industry n Auto makers stimulate sales through model changes, advertising n Auto industry fostered the growth of other businesses n Autos encourage movement and more individual freedom. n By 1929 auto industry most productive in US.

13. Radio broadcasting began as a service to sell leftover radios from the war Westinghouse Radio Station KDKA was a world pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting. KDKA first broadcast was the Harding-Cox Presidential election returns on November 2, 1920. KDKA 220 stations eighteen months after KDKA took the plunge. $50 to $150 for first radios 3,000,000 homes had them by 1922.

14. $60 millionRadio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922… $136 million $136 million in 1923 $852 million$852 million in 1929 Commercial Broadcasting Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925

16. Patterns of Economic Growth n Structural change (F.W. Taylor) –professional managers replace individual entrepreneurs –corporations become the dominant business form n Uniformity –Big business weakens regionalism n Government Policy –Corporate tax cuts

17. Economic Weaknesses n Labor Problems? –Welfare Capitalism n Coal displaced by petroleum n Farmer Problems –decline in prices and exports n Growing income disparity n Middle class speculates with idle money

18.   “Flappers” sought individual freedom   Ongoing crusade for equal rights   Teenaged children no longer needed to work and indulged their craving for excitement   most women remain in the “cult of domesticity” sphere

19. The Playful flapper here we see, The fairest of the fair. She's not what Grandma used to be, You might say, au contraire. Her girlish ways may make a stir, Her manners cause a scene, But there is no more harm in her Than in a submarine. She nightly knocks for many a goal The usual dancing men. Her speed is great, but her control Is something else again. All spotlights focus on her pranks. All tongues her prowess herald. For which she well may render thanks To God and Scott Fitzgerald. Her golden rule is plain enough - Just get them young and treat them rough. by Dorothy Parker

20. Beginning of the Jazz Age in New York City Acceptance of African American culture African American literature and music

21.   Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality   Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment   Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities   Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.   Rural Americans identify urban culture with Communism, crime, immorality   Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment   Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities   Conflict: Traditional values vs new ideas found in the cities.

22. Reemergence of the KKK was a response to the cultural changes taking place in America.   1925: Membership of 5 million (Hiram Evans)   Attack on urban culture and defends Christian/Protestant and rural values   Against immigrants from Southern Europe, European Jews, Catholics and American Blacks   Sought to win U.S. by persuasion and gaining control in local/state government.   Violence, internal corruption result in Klan’s virtual disappearance by 1930 but will reappear in the 1950s and 1960s.

23. IKA IKA Imperial Klans of America

25. Red Scare, 1919 to 1921, was a time of great upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits". "Reds” (Communists)."Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the Russian Revolution. 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. No due process was followed Attorney General Mitchell Palmer

26. “undesirable”The U.S. Government began to restrict certain “undesirable” immigrants from entering the U.S. Immigration Act of 1921Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910. Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924, the quota now 2% and the origins base was shifted to that of 1890, when fewer southeastern Europeans lived in America.

29. Cartoon from 1919: “Put them out and keep them out”

30. Italian immigrants murdersNicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with two murders and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial and appeals lasted 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro- union activities. anti-foreignismIn this time period, anti-foreignism was high as well. Liberals and radicals rallied around the two men, but they would be executed.

33. was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of lifeGoal: was to reduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. "Noble Experiment"This "Noble Experiment" was a failure. Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. 18th Amendment Volstead Act,The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.

34. drankPeople drank more than ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths related to alcohol. flagrantlydecent law-abidingNo other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. criminalsOvernight, many became criminals. Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy. Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone.

35. Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the “bootlegging” industry. Al Capone Elliot Ness, part of the Untouchables

38. “Prohibition is an awful flop. We like it. It can't stop what it's meant to stop. We like it. It's left a trail of graft and slime, It's filled our land with vice and crime, It can't prohibit worth a dime, Nevertheless we're for it.” Franklin Pierce Adams, New York World “It is impossible to stop liquor trickling through a dotted line” A Prohibition agent

40. 1925 vs. The first conflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.

41. John T. Scopes Respected high school biology teacher arrested in Dayton, Tennessee for teaching Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Clarence Darrow Famous trial lawyer who represented Scopes William J. Bryan Sec. of State for President Wilson, ran for president three times, turned evangelical leader. Represented the prosecution. Dayton, Tennessee Small town in the south became protective against the encroachment of modern times and secular teachings.

43. The trial is conducted in a carnival-like atmosphere. The people of Dayton are seen as ‘backward’ by the country. The right to teach and protect Biblical teachings in schools. The acceptance of science and that all species have evolved from lower forms of beings over billions of years.

44. The 1920 Election

45. Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… US turned inward and feared anything that was European… Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… US turned inward and feared anything that was European…

46. The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet. The 1920 Election

47. Harding and Coolidge Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death – Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923. Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death – Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.   Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny   Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair.   Fall found guilty of taking a bribe.

48. Republican Policies Return to "normalcy" – tariffs raised – corporate, income taxes cut – spending cuts Government-business cooperation – “The business of government, is business” Return to “isolation” Return to "normalcy" – tariffs raised – corporate, income taxes cut – spending cuts Government-business cooperation – “The business of government, is business” Return to “isolation”

49. The 1924 Election   Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.   “Silent Cal”.   Republican president   Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929.   “Silent Cal”.   Republican president

50. ++ = $$ LAISSEZ FAIRE REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS………. Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National Economy Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923 Hawley-Smoot Tariff --- 1930 raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!

52. Washington Naval Conference [1921-1922] U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

53. Four-Power Pact (December 13, 1921).  submit disputes  Britain, France, Japan and the United States agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution.   Pledged mutual respect for the possessions and mandates of other signatories (participants) in the Pacific. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922).  5-3-1 ratio  The leading naval powers, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States pledged adherence to limitations on the tonnage of capital ships and accepted a moratorium on new naval construction. 5-3-1 ratio   Britain could only have 1 ship for every 3 ships in Japan, and Japan could only have 3 ships for every 5 ships in the U.S. Britain, U.S. and Japan agreed to dismantle some existing vessels to meet the ratio.

54. Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (February 6, 1922).   Agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon. Nine-Power Treaty (February 6, 1922).  Open Door Policy  Big Four, plus Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and China endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence. In the following months, the U.S. Senate ratified all of the treaties from the Washington Conference.

55. AfghanistanFinlandPeru AlbaniaGuatemalaPortugal AustriaHungaryRumania BulgariaIcelandRussia ChinaLatviaKingdom of the Serbs CubaLiberiaCroats and Slovenes DenmarkLithuaniaSiam Dominican RepublicNetherlandsSpain EgyptNicaraguaSweden EstoniaNorwayTurkey EthiopiaPanama Additional countries which join by July 24, 1929. Persia, July 2, 1929; Greece, August 3, 1929; Honduras, August 6, 1929; Chile, August 12, 1929; Luxemburg August 14, 1929; Danzig, September 11, 1929; Costa Rica, October 1, 1929; Venezuela, October 24, 1929.

57. Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928   15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.   Problem  no way of enforcement.   15 nations committed to outlawing aggression and war for settling disputes.   Problem  no way of enforcement.

58. outlawing war The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following:   The pact was signed in August 1928 by 15 nations.   In the following months, more than 60 countries joined in this renunciation of war.   The U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee studied the matter and issued a report that maintained that the pact did not impair the nation’s ability to act to protect the Monroe Doctrine. US Senate ratified this treaty.

59. The Kellogg-Briand Pact provided for outlawing war as an “an instrument of national policy,” and was further notable for the following: Major problems with this treaty 1. 1.No enforcement mechanism was provided for changing the behavior of warring signatories. 2. 2.The agreement was interpreted by most of the signatories to permit “defensive” war. 3. 3.No expiration date was provided. 4. 4.No provision existed for amending the agreement was included.

60.  “ending all war”  In the 1930’s, the idealism of “ending all war” would be shattered when the Japanese, Italy, Germany and Soviet Union began WWII.  Idealism“ideas”  Idealism, is what it is: “ideas”. Some can work and others can’t.  realistic world,  In a realistic world, countries realized that they needed to protect themselves from aggressor nations.  “contain”  It is still this way today but we have the United Nations to promote world peace and “contain” aggressor nations.

61. Dawes Plan Presented in 1924 by the committee headed by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allied Nations. The Dawes Committee was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost $54 billion. Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation and the Dawes Plan provided a repayment schedule over 4 years to the Allies. The Germans would continue to lag behind in payments.