1. Unit I: The First Global Age

2. Centralizing Rulers: - Henry VIII and Elizabeth I of England - Louis XI and Henry IV of France - Charles V, the Hapsburg ruler of Spain and the ‘Holy Roman Empire’ - Philip II of Spain - Ivan IV of Russia Absolute Monarchy: - Louis XIV of France* - Frederick the Great of Prussia - Peter the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia Constitutional Monarchy: - Dutch Republic: Stadholder and the States General - England: English Civil War (1640-1649); Charles I beheaded Commonwealth; Oliver Cromwell Restoration of 1660 Glorious Revolution of 1688; William and Mary; English Bill of Rights

3. A. The Rise of Nations 1.Struggle for power during the Middle Ages a. Roman Catholic Church (pope) v. regional monarchies (kingdoms) *feudalism was on the decline *economic growth and territorial expansion *Decline of Church power and authority b. Monarchs began to increase their authority *Pope was no longer a direct authority *Monarchies began to consolidate borders and power -The shift occurred first in England and France *Feelings of nationalism began to develop amongst subjects

4. A. The Rise of Nations (cont’d) 2. Growth of Power in France a. Hugh Capet and the Capetians (late 10 th century) *made French throne hereditary *gained territory by playing rival nobles against each other *developed a system of tax collection b. Led to the Hundred Years’ War (1350’s -1450’s) *France v. England *Joan of Arc rallied the French to victory -burned at the stake by the English (martyred and canonized) -her efforts bolstered the power of French kings *French kings developed policies that weakened the nobles and strengthened the monarchy *The Estates-General had no real power over the king

5. A. The Rise of Nations (cont’d) 3. Limited Monarchy in England a. Norman Conquest (1066) *Duke of Normandy (William) conquers England and takes the Anglo-Saxon throne -exerted firm control -Norman nobility (feudalism) -Domesday Book b. English Legal System *Common Law: Henry II -same for all people -enforced by traveling justices -established a jury system *Magna Carta or Great Charter (1215) -Nobility rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the charter which placed limits on the king’s authority *Parliament (1200’s) -council that evolved into a representative body *English Church (1500’s): Henry VIII -Breakdown between monarchy and RCC, created Church of England

6. Summary: *Growing population and increase in trade led to a commercial revolution and growth of a middle class *Renaissance brought new ideas to an isolated Europe; great works of art, architecture, and literature emerged *Inventions like the printing press allowed, learning, new ideas, and beliefs to spread *Religious changes, like the Protestant schism, challenged the old order instituted by the RCC, which stimulated political and social change *Feudalism weakened, allowing nations to develop strong monarchies; some nations, however, shifted toward limited monarchies and paved the way for representative gov’ts