1. Forgetting Theories Encoding failure Role of time
Interference theories

2. Forgetting as Encoding Failure
Information never encoded into LTM X
key words: forgetting; encoding

3. Forgetting as Retrieval Failure
Not all forgetting is due to encoding failures
Sometimes information IS encoded into LTM, but we can’t retrieve it X
key words: forgetting; retrieval; long-term memory

4. Role of Time : Decay Theory
Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused
Time plays critical role
Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding
Problem: Many things change with time. Something else may change and actually cause forgetting: Interference
key words: forgetting; retrieval; decay theories

5. Interference Theories
“Memories interfering with memories”
Forgetting NOT caused by mere passage of time
Caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory
Two types of interference
PORN
key words: forgetting; retrieval; interference theories

6. Retroactive Interference
When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information
Example: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number
Example: Learning a new language interferes with ability to remember old language F-
key words: forgetting; retrieval; interference theories; retroactive interference

7. Types of Retrieval Failure
Retroactive Interference
The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years’ locker combination, you forget last years’.

8. Proactive Interference
Opposite of retroactive interference
When an OLD memory interferes with remembering NEW information
Example: Previously learned language interferes with ability to remember newly learned language
key words: forgetting; retrieval; interference theories; proactive interference F-

9. Types of Retrieval Failure
Proactive
Interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.

10. PORN Add to your Bag of Fun Fun!
P – Proactive Interference
O – Old memories interfere with new
R – Retroactive Interference
N – New memories interfere with old

11. Motivated Forgetting We sometimes revise our own histories
Honey, I did stick to my diet today!!!!!!

12. Motivated Forgetting One explanation is REPRESSION:
Why does is exist?
One explanation is REPRESSION:
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.

13. Forgetting

14. Memory Construction
We sometimes alter our memories as we encode or retrieve them.
Your expectations, schemas, environment may alter your memories.

15. Misinformation Effect
Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
My parents told me for years I met Frank Sinatra.
I have the memory- but it never happened!!!

16. Source Amnesia (Source Attribution)
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined
Ex/ You have this vivid dream that a dog attacked you – now you believe that a dog actually attacked you!

17. Amnesia
Amnesia: is a severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue, illness, or repression.
Types of Amnesia:
*Childhood Amnesia (Infantile Amnesia)
The common inability of adults to remember the earliest years of their childhood (before age 3 or 4)
*Anterograde Amnesia
After a tragic brain injury, the inability to remember new events that occur “50 First Dates”
*Retrograde Amnesia
The inability to remember things prior to the onset of amnesia (you can still make new memories) “The Vow”

18. Types of LTM

19. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
Are You Ready To Jog Your Memory???

20. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
1. After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: a. repression. b. retroactive interference. c. encoding failure. d. source amnesia. e. motivated forgetting.

21. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
2. At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates: a. source amnesia. b. the next-in-line effect. c. the spacing effect. d. implicit memory. e. the serial position effect.

22. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
3. Although Jordan could not recall the exact words of a poem he had recently heard, he clearly remembered the meaning of the poem. This best illustrates the importance of: a. implicit memory. b. semantic encoding. c. mood-congruent memory. d. the serial position effect. e. the method of loci.

23. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
4. Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of: a. the "peg-word" system. b. the method of loci. c. the serial position effect. d. a mnemonic device. e. implicit memory.

24. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
5. Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between: a. short-term and long-term memory. b. proactive and retroactive interference. c. explicit and implicit memory. d. recognition and recall.

25. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
6. Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: a. amygdala. b. hypothalamus. c. sensory cortex. d. motor cortex.

26. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
7. The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls her teachers as warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be: a. retrieval cues. b. short-term memories. c. visually encoded. d. sensory memories. e. flashbulb memories.

27. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
8. Mrs. McBride can't remember how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too embarrassing for her. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: a. source amnesia. b. proactive interference. c. the self-reference effect. d. automatic processing. e. repression.

28. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
9. When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of: a. chunking. b. flashbulb memory. c. automatic processing. d. iconic memory. e. the spacing effect.

29. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
10. The method of loci relies heavily on the use of: a. visual encoding. b. implicit memory. c. the spacing effect. d. the self-reference effect. e. mood-congruent memory.

30. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
11. When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory. a. long-term b. implicit c. short-term d. explicit e. flashbulb

31. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
12. Certain amnesic patients are incapable of recalling activities, yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the: a. amygdala. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus.

32. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
13. Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory? a. a mental image of one's best friend b. the date of one's own birth c. a conditioned fear of guns d. one's own name

33. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
14. The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve: a. implicit memory. b. memory construction. c. long-term potentiation. d. automatic processing. e. repression.

34. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
15. Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates: a. repression. b. implicit memory. c. retroactive interference. d. the misinformation effect. e. mood-congruent memory.

35. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
1. After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: a. repression. b. retroactive interference. c. encoding failure. d. source amnesia. e. motivated forgetting.

36. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
2. At a block party, Cyndi is introduced to eight new neighbors. Moments later, she can only remember the names of the first three and last two neighbors. Her experience illustrates: a. source amnesia. b. the next-in-line effect. c. the spacing effect. d. implicit memory. e. the serial position effect.

37. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
3. Although Jordan could not recall the exact words of a poem he had recently heard, he clearly remembered the meaning of the poem. This best illustrates the importance of: a. implicit memory. b. semantic encoding. c. mood-congruent memory. d. the serial position effect. e. the method of loci.

38. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
4. Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of: a. the "peg-word" system. b. the method of loci. c. the serial position effect. d. a mnemonic device. e. implicit memory.

39. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
5. Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. Yet the more he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the need to distinguish between: a. short-term and long-term memory. b. proactive and retroactive interference. c. explicit and implicit memory. d. recognition and recall.

40. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
6. Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: a. amygdala. b. hypothalamus. c. sensory cortex. d. motor cortex.

41. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
7. The happier Judie is, the more readily she recalls her teachers as warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be: a. retrieval cues. b. short-term memories. c. visually encoded. d. sensory memories. e. flashbulb memories.

42. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
8. Mrs. McBride can't remember how frequently she criticizes her children because it would be too embarrassing for her. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates: a. source amnesia. b. proactive interference. c. the self-reference effect. d. automatic processing. e. repression.

43. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
9. When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of: a. chunking. b. flashbulb memory. c. automatic processing. d. iconic memory. e. the spacing effect.

44. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
10. The method of loci relies heavily on the use of: a. visual encoding. b. implicit memory. c. the spacing effect. d. the self-reference effect. e. mood-congruent memory.

45. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
11. When you have to make a long-distance call, dialing an unfamiliar area code plus a seven-digit number, you are likely to have trouble retaining the just-looked-up number. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________ memory. a. long-term b. implicit c. short-term d. explicit e. flashbulb

46. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
12. Certain amnesic patients are incapable of recalling activities, yet they can be conditioned to blink their eyes in response to a specific sound. They have most likely suffered damage to the: a. amygdala. b. cerebellum. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus.

47. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
13. Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory? a. a mental image of one's best friend b. the date of one's own birth c. a conditioned fear of guns d. one's own name

48. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
14. The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve: a. implicit memory. b. memory construction. c. long-term potentiation. d. automatic processing. e. repression.

49. Chapter 9 Quiz Time
15. Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates: a. repression. b. implicit memory. c. retroactive interference. d. the misinformation effect. e. mood-congruent memory.