1. Small states in the EU's civilian and military peace support operations Maria Strömvik Lund University Reykjavik 2014-06-27

2. Let's start with a story... Setting the scene: December 2002 Build-up to the Iraq war EU dramatically split NATO was leaving Macedonia (FYROM) Setting the scene: December 2002 Build-up to the Iraq war EU dramatically split NATO was leaving Macedonia (FYROM)

3. Operation Concordia The EU:s first ever military operation, launched in March 2003 Participants: The EU:s first ever military operation, launched in March 2003 Participants:

4. So, are......troop contributions a way to influence peace support operations? Are troop contributions adding political capital for small states?...troop contributions a way to influence peace support operations? Are troop contributions adding political capital for small states?

5. EUPM Bosnia- Herzegovina EUFOR Althea Bosnia- Herzegovina Operation Concordia Macedonia Operation Proxima Macedonia EUPOL COPPS Palestinian Territories EUBAM Rafah Gaza strip EUPAT Macedonia EULEX Kosovo EUJUST Themis Georgia EUBAM Moldova/Ukraine EUJUST Lex (for) Iraq EU-support for AU’s mission in Darfur, Sudan Operation Artémis D. R. Congo EUPOL RDC D. R. Congo EU border support team Georgia EUSEC RDC D. R. Congo EUFOR RDC D. R. Congo AMM Aceh, Indonesia EUPOL Afghanistan EUFOR Tchad/RCA EU SSR Guinea-Bissau EUMM Georgia Atalanta Somalia EUTM Somalia

6. CSDP operations Some "local", some "global" From very small to "normal" size Some civilian, some military, some mixed Some peace keeping, some peace enforcement, some monitoring, some capacity building Some "local", some "global" From very small to "normal" size Some civilian, some military, some mixed Some peace keeping, some peace enforcement, some monitoring, some capacity building

7. Consequences (global) Demand for EU has increased In some cases, EU has been only accepted third party CSDP has inspired others (notably AU) EU / CSDP has not generated any ”balancing behaviour”? Demand for EU has increased In some cases, EU has been only accepted third party CSDP has inspired others (notably AU) EU / CSDP has not generated any ”balancing behaviour”?

8. Consequences (EU) EEAS role has increased? CSDP operations have brought MS closer together also politically? EU members and Commission discuss broader and more comprehensive foreign policy issues than before? Treaty revisions EEAS role has increased? CSDP operations have brought MS closer together also politically? EU members and Commission discuss broader and more comprehensive foreign policy issues than before? Treaty revisions

9. Small states Small countries ”forced” to broaden their ”foreign policy outlook” – Increased pressure on small foreign ministries? – Increased pressure on inter-ministerial coordination? – Increased demand for information and intelligence gathering? Small countries ”forced” to broaden their ”foreign policy outlook” – Increased pressure on small foreign ministries? – Increased pressure on inter-ministerial coordination? – Increased demand for information and intelligence gathering?

10. Small states (cont.) Revision and increased pressure on government agencies’ possibilities to provide civilian and military personnel (Swedish examples: armed forces, police authority, national rescue agency, Swedish development aid agency)? Markedly increased influence on international issues? Revision and increased pressure on government agencies’ possibilities to provide civilian and military personnel (Swedish examples: armed forces, police authority, national rescue agency, Swedish development aid agency)? Markedly increased influence on international issues?

11. Troops for influence? Are small states willing to provide civilian personnel and troops, despite all the problems, only because they think it is needed in any given situation? Or are they more willing to do so because they believe it will also give them more influence? Are small states willing to provide civilian personnel and troops, despite all the problems, only because they think it is needed in any given situation? Or are they more willing to do so because they believe it will also give them more influence?

12. Back in FYROM An operation that noone thought was needed Yet almost all EU member states and even more non-EU member states were willing to provide troops! How do we explain this if not with the troops for influence idea? An operation that noone thought was needed Yet almost all EU member states and even more non-EU member states were willing to provide troops! How do we explain this if not with the troops for influence idea?