1. Unit 10 Part 2 From Lenin to Stalin

2. Post Civil War USSR 1920: Lenin turns his attention to governing The Soviet Union 1920: Lenin turns his attention to governing The Soviet Union Government (sounded democratic and socialist) Government (sounded democratic and socialist) Set up an elected legislature (The Supreme Soviet) males over 18 voted and in theory political power rested with the workers Set up an elected legislature (The Supreme Soviet) males over 18 voted and in theory political power rested with the workers Reality: The Communist Party used the army and secret police (Cheka) to force their will on the country Reality: The Communist Party used the army and secret police (Cheka) to force their will on the country Russians dominate all other ethnic groups Russians dominate all other ethnic groups Soviets Soviets

3. The Economy Lenin’s “War Communism” had almost killed the economy (output in factories, mines and farms had dropped way off) Lenin’s “War Communism” had almost killed the economy (output in factories, mines and farms had dropped way off) 1921: Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed for limited private ownership while the government kept control of key industries 1921: Lenin adopted the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed for limited private ownership while the government kept control of key industries Result: helped the economy recover (stopped armed resistance) but only a temporary measure Result: helped the economy recover (stopped armed resistance) but only a temporary measure Religion: Atheism (“Opiate of the masses”) Religion: Atheism (“Opiate of the masses”)

4. Stalin Not a Russian (Georgian) Not a Russian (Georgian) 1922 made Secretary General of the Communist Party 1922 made Secretary General of the Communist Party Lenin saw Trotsky as his successor Lenin saw Trotsky as his successor When Lenin dies in January of 1924 Stalin was able to use alliances to gain power over Trotsky When Lenin dies in January of 1924 Stalin was able to use alliances to gain power over Trotsky Why? (Trotsky and “World Communism”) Why? (Trotsky and “World Communism”) Trotsky is expelled in 1927 and murdered in Mexico in 1940 Trotsky is expelled in 1927 and murdered in Mexico in 1940

5. The 5 year plans Launched in 1928: The focus was on industrial production at a huge cost to the peasants Launched in 1928: The focus was on industrial production at a huge cost to the peasants All peasants forced to give up land and livestock in a process called “collectivization” All peasants forced to give up land and livestock in a process called “collectivization” The plan was to export food grown on collective farms to pay for factories The plan was to export food grown on collective farms to pay for factories Wealthy peasants known as Kulaks resisted and were deported to Gulags in Siberia Wealthy peasants known as Kulaks resisted and were deported to Gulags in Siberia The army was used to enforce the policy (10 million farmers dead) which caused a famine in the USSR The army was used to enforce the policy (10 million farmers dead) which caused a famine in the USSR

6. Effects of the 5 year plan Consumer goods were sacrificed to increase large scale production Consumer goods were sacrificed to increase large scale production Also: bad conditions, low pay, little food, delays, poor service Also: bad conditions, low pay, little food, delays, poor service Results: Standard of living down and they produced poor products Results: Standard of living down and they produced poor products Farm production also fell off Farm production also fell off Famine from 1932-1933 due to food exports Famine from 1932-1933 due to food exports Production only doubled (2 nd 5 year plan doubled it again) Production only doubled (2 nd 5 year plan doubled it again) Urban growth (25 million to the cities) Urban growth (25 million to the cities)

7. Political Terror All of these achievements came at an enormous price: Totalitarianism All of these achievements came at an enormous price: Totalitarianism Had to go where you were told Had to go where you were told Complaints against these harsh policies led Stalin to strike back with a campaign of terror and propaganda Complaints against these harsh policies led Stalin to strike back with a campaign of terror and propaganda Artists had to glorify the state Artists had to glorify the state Rewrote history of the revolution Rewrote history of the revolution Murdered rivals (16 total) Murdered rivals (16 total) 1935-1940 The “Great Purge” killed more than half the Generals (intellectuals and writers as well) 1935-1940 The “Great Purge” killed more than half the Generals (intellectuals and writers as well)