1. Ms. Carmelitano

2. Geography of India The Indian Subcontinent is made up of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh Mountains The Hindu Kush, Karakorum, and Himalayan mountain ranges separate India from the rest of Asia They protect India from invasion

4. Rivers, Mountains, Plains India is a peninsula that juts out into the Indian Ocean North: World’s largest mountains West: Thar Desert South West: Arabian Sea The result of the geography is isolation This is may be why there is little evidence of an advanced military in the Harappa River Valley civilization Rivers: Indus and Ganges Plains: Indo-Gangetic Plain is located in Northern India The high central plateau is called the Deccan Plateau Eastern and Western Ghats mountains make the plateau a dry region Along southern India is lush tropical land

5. Climate of India Monsoons: Seasonal winds dominate the climate From October to February winter monsoons come from the northeast and blow dry air eastward Mid-June through October the winds shift, summer monsoons blow air westward from the south west carrying moist air from the ocean Brings massive amounts of rain Drought will occur without the summer monsoons This cycle allowed farming along the Indus and Ganges

6. Review of River Valley Indus River Valley (Harappa River Valley) Major Cities: Mohenjo Daro and Harappa Evidence of planned cities dating back to 2500 BCE Rivers: Indus and Ganges Religion: Culture may have been a theocracy Links to modern Hinduism Archaeologists have found figures representing an early Shiva god Language: There was a written language, but it has not been translated

7. Populating India Aryan Migration: 1500 BCE Aryan people migrated through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush Mountains They migrated throughout the peninsula to populate India Few archeological remains The Vedas: Their sacred literature Collection of prayers, magical spells, and rituals Rig Veda was the most important – 1,028 prayers to Aryan gods