1. The Interwar Years and the Crisis of Western Liberalism Bolshevism Fascism Repression

2. I. The Fall of Romanov Russia and the Rise of the Soviet Union

3. I. Revolution in Russia, 1917- 1920 Reform/repression, 1905-07 March Revolution, 1917 Nicholas II

4. A. Dual Power 1. Provisional Government –Alexander Kerensky

5. 2. Soviets (workers and soldiers) - consensus lacking; locally independent 3. Intelligentsia

6. 4. Kerensky Offensive (1917)

7. B. The Third Russian Revolution 1. Social Democrats (Marxists) - historical dialectic

8. 2. Mensheviks - parliamentary means Bolsheviks - violent revolution -- bourgeois self-absorption -- discipline

9. 3. V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) - professional revolutionaries - role of soviets 4. April Theses - peace, land and bread

10. 5. Red October, 1917 Storming of the Winter Palace Leon Trotsky

11. C. Bolsheviks establish power 1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918

12. 2. The Russian Civil War, 1917-1920

13. 3. Elimination of the Czar, 1918

14. 4. Politburo - socialist dictatorship 5. New Economic Policy, 1921-28

15. D. Stalinization 1. Stalin v. Trotsky 2. Forced industrialization - 5-Year Plans - Collectivization kulaks

16. 3. Comintern 4. Great Purges, 1934-38 - gulag archipelago

17. 5. Stalin’s foreign policy - Treaty of Rapallo, 1924 - Mutual Non-Aggression Pact, 1939

18. E. Betrayal of Socialism 1.Stalin’s “Animal Farm” - permanent revolution - NKVD “Black Ravens” - Socialist dictatorship 2. Division of the European Left George Orwell

19. II. Italian Fascism Nationalism Anti-liberal values Politics of the Irrational

20. A. Legacy of Unification 1.Weak liberal/democratic tradition 2.Failures of WWI

21. B. Mussolini’s Italy 1.Benito Mussolini 1922-43 2.Fascio - “witch’s brew” of ideologies - politics of the irrational

22. 3. Attack on “bourgeois” values 4. Squadristi “black shirts”

23. 5.Alliance with industrialists - corporative system 6. Cult of Personality Il Duce - fasces

24. 7. Lateran Treaty, 1929 - Linkage of fascism to anti-modernism

25. B. The New Roman Empire 1. Militarism - Ethiopia ’35 - Albania ’39 2. Pact of Steel, 1939

26. III. The Spanish Civil War Dress rehearsal for WWII, 1936-39 Guernica - Pablo Picasso

27. A. The Spanish Republic 1. 1931, Popular Front 2. Red v. Black - Republican v. Nationalist - Francisco Franco

28. B. International Event 1. Condor Legion 2. Neutrality 3. International Brigade - Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls

29. IV. Paralyzed democracy Depression Division Isolation Salvador Dali

30. A. France 1. Political polarization 2. Depression cancels out reform Leon Blum

31. B. Great Britain 1.Maintaining Empire 2. Fascist fan club - British Union of Fascists - Edward VIII

32. C. The United States and the New Deal 1. Leftward expansion 2. Groundwork for prosperity FDR

33. Totalitarian Europe Rhineland ’36 Anschluss ’37 Munich Agreement ‘38 Poland, ‘39