1. Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821

2. Napoleon Born of Italian decent to a prominent Corsican family on the French island of Corsica Military genius, specialized in artillery An avid “child of the Enlightenment” and Revolution

3. Napoleon Associated with the Jacobins and advanced rapidly in the army due to vacancies caused by the emigration of aristocratic officers Eventually inspired a divided country during the Directory period into a unified nation but at the price of individual liberty

4. Consulate Period 1799-1804 Enlightened Reform Took power on Dec 25, 1799 with the constitution giving supreme power to Napoleon

5. First Consul Napoleon behaved more as a absolute ruler than a revolutionary statesman Sought to govern France by demanding loyalty to the state, rewarding ability and creating an effective hierarchical bureaucracy Napoleon may be thought of as the last and most eminent of the enlightened despots

6. Reforms Napoleon Code – Legal unity provided first clear complete codification of French Law Longest lasting legacy of Napoleon’s rule – Included a civil code, code of criminal procedure, a commercial code, and a penal code – Emphasized the protection of private property Resulted in a strong central government and administrative unity

7. Napoleonic Code Equality before the law – No more estates, legal classes, privileges, local liberties, hereditary offices, guilds, or manors Freedom of religion State of secular Property rights Abolition of serfdom Gave women inheritance rights

8. Napoleonic Code Denied women equal status with men (except inheritance rights) – Women and children were legally dependent on their husband or father – Divorce more difficult to obtain than during the Revolution – Women could not buy or sell property or begin a business w/o consent from husband – Income by wives went to husband – Penalties for adultery more severe for women

9. Careers Open to Talent Citizens theoretically were able to rise in gov’t service purely according on their liberties Creation of new imperial nobility to reward most talented generals and officials Wealth determined status – Middle class benefited significantly

10. Religious Reform Concordat of 1801 with Roman Catholic Church Napoleon’s motives – Making peace with the Church would help weaken its link to monarchists who sought to restore the Bourbon monarchy – Religion would help people accept economic inequalities in French society

11. Concordat of 1801 Provisions – Papacy renounced claims to Church property that had been seized during the Revolution – French gov’t allowed to nominate or depose bishops – Priests who had resisted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy would replace those who had sworn an oath to the state

12. Concordat of 1801 Provisions – Catholic worship in public allowed – Church seminaries reopened – Extended toleration to Catholics, Protestants, Jews, and atheist – Replaced the Revolutionary Calendar with Christian Calendar

13. Financial Unity Bank of France – Served interests of the state and financial oligarchy – Balanced the national debt – Established sound currency and public credit – Economic reform Food at low prices Increased employment Lowered taxes on famers Tax collection more sufficent

14. Educational Reforms Based on system of public education under state control Rigorous standard Secondary and higher education reorganized to prepare young men for gov’t service Education became important in determining social standings

15. Police State Spy system kept thousands of citizens under surveillance After 1810, political suspects held in state prisons, as they had been during the Terror Ruthlessly put down opposition Arrest and execution of a Bourbon, duke of Enghien, “involved” in plot against Napoleon

16. Drawbacks of Napoleon’s Reform Severe inequality for women Workers not allowed to form trade unions Repressed liberty, subverted republicanism, and restored absolutism Practiced nepotism by placing his relatives on the thrones of nations he conquered